Research workshop 4

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Research workshop 4

• Welcome!

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Workshop 4 Contents

• Revisit project plans
• Analysing data and interpreting results
• Quantitative data and qualitative data
• Qualifications and assessment

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Dealing with data

• Need to make sense of raw data
• Record
• Analyse
• Interpret
• Present
• Different approaches for quantitative and
  qualitative data

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Quantitative data
questionnaires
closed questions
hard data
Figures - measurements - core data - tick boxes
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Recording quantitative data

• Record as data comes in dont wait to the end
• Record by hand or computer
• Use tally charts for each question (optional)

• Create a summary sheet for all questions by
• hand or on computer

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Summary Sheet
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Calculate percentages

• Number / Total x 100
• E.g.
• Females 13 / 20 x 100 65
• Males 7 / 20 x 100 35

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Present Data

• Use tables
• Charts (optional)
• Graphs (optional)

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Question Types

• Treat 7 types of questions differently
• Open question
• List
• Category
• Quantity
• Ranking
• Scale
• Grid

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1 Open Questions

• Record all responses
• Treat as semi structured interview data (see
  later)
• Read and reread
• Look for categories or answers

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List questions

• Record in summary sheet or on computer
• e.g. Have you had contact with the under
  mentioned professionals in the last six months?
• ? G.P. ? Psychiatrist
  ? Social Worker
• ?Support Worker ? Community nurse
  ? other

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List questions

• Present answers in table or bar chart

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Category questions

• Similar to list questions
• Core data are all category questions (except
  languages)
• Calculate percentages
• Table
• Bar chart (optional)
• Can also use pie chart (optional)
• Easy to create on computer but not by hand

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Example of pie chart
Who first introduced you to Blake Road Resource
Centre?
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Quantity questions

• May want to comment on central tendency
• Can use
• Mean (Average)
• Median
• Mode

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Mean (average)

• To calculate
• Add all values and divide by number of values
• E.g mean of 4,6,10,19,26
• 4 6 10 19 26 65
• 65 / 5 13
• Mean is 13

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Age Categories

• Can calculate mean from age bands.
• Calculate midpoint for each age band.
• - top and bottom divide by 2
• e.g. 20 - 26
• 2026 46
• 46223
• midpoint 23
• If only one limit (e.g. 50 or under 16) choose
  an appropriate age based on field experience.

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Median

• Middle value
• Put values in order and take middle one
• E.g median of 4,6,10,19,26 is 10
• If even number of values - calculate mean of two
  central values
• Good if there are extremes at either end of the
  range that would affect the mean.

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Mode

• Most common value
• E.g. mode of
• 4,6,10,19,26,26 is 26
• Used in large studies only
• Also used with nominal data i.e.
• words or phrases, not numbers
• as in list or category questions

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Age categories

• How to calculate mean from age bands

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Range

• Can be useful to indicate if values are close to
  the average or widely dispersed
• Give lowest and highest values
• e.g. age 16-7
• Optional calculate measures of dispersion

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Grid questions

• Present data in table or compound bar chart
  (optional)
• e.g. Have you ever used these services? If so
  what do you think of them?

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Scale questions
Calculate rating scores from categories e.g.
Strongly disagree -2 Disagree
-1 Neither agree or disagree 0 Agree
1 Strongly agree 2
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Scale questions
Can present in table, bar chart, pie charts or as
100 bar graph (optional) e.g.
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Ranking questions
Which one is first choice?
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Ranking questions
Rank 1st Newspaper 2nd Leaflet 3rd TV 4th
Person Remember to REVERSE the order
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Ranking questions

• Problem what do you do if a participant only
  ranks some of the options and leaves others
  blank?
• Answer give blank options maximum points.
• Dont give 0 points

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Relationships

• Show relationships between 2 questions. e.g.
• Q3 Age Q12 Do you hear
  voices?

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Relationships

• Create table to show relationship between 2
  questions

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Relationships

• Could be presented in a graph

of different age bands having heard voices
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• Qualitative data

Focus groups
Interviews
Feelings meanings impressions
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Planning qualitative data analysis

• Consider
• Who will do it?
• What are the aims of the research?
• How much data?
• How much time?
• How will I maintain anonymity?
• E.g. Muslim male aged 21-25

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Organise qualitative data

• Make copies of your raw data
• Transcribe tapes
• Transcripts - lots of words
• Write line numbers beside your written
  transcripts.
• Leave wide margin for notes
• Different approach semi structured or themed

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Semi Structured

• Interviews or focus groups
• Set of open questions
• Take each item in turn
• Make a list of categories, adding new ones as you
  go

E.g. What stops people from the Somali community
from using mental health services?

• Write codes in margin as you go

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Semi Structured

• Summarise answers
• Sort responses into groups if relevant to
  research aims (e.g. age, ethnicity, diagnosis)
• Count up different codes
• Present as quantative data (list or category
  questions)
• e.g. 14 (20) of Somali participants said
  language was the main barrier
• 4 (100) of service providers
  thought language barrier was main problem
• Add quotes if relevant to highlight points

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Thematic analysis

• First read through each interview with open mind.
• Sort interviews into groups (e.g. age, ethnicity,
  diagnosis etc.)
• Reread and make notes to summarise in the
  margins.
• Identify broad themes and categories using key
  words or phrases
• Highlight significant phrases and quotes to use
  in your report.
• Refer to line numbers

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Layout for thematic analysis
Data Summary points
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Transcript of data, written out in full word by
word leaving wide margin to the right to add in
notes about themes and categories and line
numbers on Left. words words words words words
words words words words words words words words
words words words words words words words words
words words words words words words words words
Racism using services lack of
knowledge Education Training

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Looking for themes Summary points
Themes
Education Services Education Education
prevention Using services Lack of
knowledge Stigma