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1
The American Civil WarUnit 6

• Chapters 16-19

2
Preview

• War was catalyst in the Industrialization of U.S.
• Fed. Gov. paramount in relation to the States
• Race and Class relations profoundly affected by
  war
• Forever ended the institution of Slavery

3
Regional Economic Differences

• By the 1850s the North and the West were
  economically joined, and the Norths economy was
  rapidly evolving into a modern-day industrial and
  commercial system

4
Characteristics Of North Economy and Political
Objectives

• Banking
• Shipping
• Insurance
• Small and Large business ownership- creating a
  middle or bourgeois, class
• Limited agriculture
• Availability of wage laborers

5

• A tariff, a tax on imports to protect N.s
  growing industries
• Fed. Aid in dev. Of Infrastructure
• Loose Immigration Policy
• Availability of free or cheap land for settlement
  and investment opportunities
• Containment of Slavery

6
Southern Issues

• Social Class Struggle
• Plantation-slaveholders small of population
• Hold most wealth and power
• Majority of Southern population was subsistence
  farmers or yeoman farmers,
• Only 25 of southern population owned slaves
• BUT, all feared the economic impact of abolition
  and held tight to their beliefs of racial
  superiority

7
Characteristics of the Souths Economy and
Political Objectives

• Dependent on the Plantation System, the center of
  political, economic, cultural, and social life in
  the South
• Slave Labor
• Very Small Bourgeois

8

• Expansion of Slavery for Political, Economic, and
  Ideological reasons
• Opposition of Cheap or Free Land, which would
  force planations to compete politically,
  economically, and ideologically w/ the
  independent farmer in the West
• Low Tariffs, because of trade with Britain

9
Tension over Political Theories

• Compact Theory Beliefs
• States created National Gov.
• Laws of States supreme to Laws of Fed. Gov.
• States could declare laws unconstitutional
• Logical conclusion to this theory is Secession
• Examples
• VA and KT resolutions (1798)
• The Hartford Convention (1815)
• The South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828)
• The Ordinance of Nullification (1832)

10
Contract Theory

• People created the Union
• Fed. Gov. is Supreme
• Fed. Laws supreme to State Laws
• Examples
• Decisions of the Marshall Court
• John Lockes Second Treatise on Government
• Texas vs. White (1869)

11
The Breakdown of Compromise

• 3/5s Compromise
• The Missouri Compromise (1820)
• The Nullification Crisis and the Compromise of
  1833
• The Compromise of 1850
• The Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
• The Dred Scott Decision (1857)

12
The Road to War

• Nat Turners Rebellion
• Bleeding Kansas (1856)
• Lincoln- Douglas Debates (1858)
• John Browns Harpers Ferry Raid (1859)
• Election of 1860

13
THE WAR

• Comparison of Union and Confederate Strengths and
  Weaknesses
• Union
• Population of 22 million
• Had to Conquer the South
• Considerably more Factories, wealth, a much more
  diverse economy
• Strong Central Gov. including A. Lincoln
• Generals who understood the nature of total war
• Ulysses S. Grant and William Tecumseh Sherman

14

• Confederacy
• Population of 6 million
• Defensive War
• Economy was backward and underdeveloped relies
  on overseas demand for cotton
• New and Weak Central Gov.
• Initially better Generals
• Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson

15
The Anaconda PlanThe Unions Strategy

• Naval Blockade Confederacy
• 2 Front War aimed at cutting Confederacy in Half
• Western Front along Mississippi Riv.
• Virginia Front

16
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17
Souths Strategy

• Dig In
• Defensive War
• Cause great loss of life and to force
  pressure on Lincoln and Government to create
  peace

18
Suspension of Habeas Corpus

• Both Lincoln and Davis arrested individuals and
  held them without providing reason
• In the South action mostly unchallenged
• In the North most did not like rights being
  denied.
• Supreme court tells to release those effected.

19
Major Battles of the War

• Union name of Battle named after nearest
  body of Water
• South named battle after nearest city
• Ft. Sumter, 4/12/1861
• 1st Bull Run, 1861 (Manassas)
• Peninsula Campaign (1862)
• 2nd Bull Run, 1862 ( Manassas)
• Antietam, Sharpsburg (1862)
• Fredericksburg (1862)
• Monitor and the Merrimac (1862)
• Gettysburg, (1863)
• Vicksburg, (1863)
• Shermans March to the Sea, (1864)
• Petersburg Campaign, (1864-1865)
• Andersonville Prison
• Appomattax Court House, (1865)

20
Emancipation Proclamation

• After Union Victory _at_ Antietam
• Lincoln on 1/1/1863 frees all slaves in
  Confederacy
• Reality only frees slaves in Union occupied area.
  MS, KT, WV, MD slavery is still allowed.
• Eventually all Slavery is ended with the 13th
  Amendment in 1865

21
Roles of Women in the South

• Forced to run Plantations
• Do the farm work on smaller farms
• Homes became mini factories
• Dropped the idea of belles to go to work in
  gov. and munitions factories
• Some even went to the front lines with men
• Some fought dresses as men
• Some were spies in the North

22
Women in the North

• Same roles on farms and in industry as South
• Women in large s became nurses in the Union
  Army. Led by Dorothea Dix. Became
  Superintendent of Female Nurses and fought
  corruption and prejudice
• Clara Barton Union Nurse, later founded Red
  Cross, regularly risked life on front lines to
  care for wounded

23
U.S. Sanitary Commission

• More soldiers died from sickness than bullets
• Improper food and Sanitary Conditions
• Diseases like diarrhea, dysentery, measles,
  smallpox, typhoid, gangrene, and chicken pox
  killed over 400,000 of the 618,000 that died
• Commission helped eradicate disease by creating
  adequate water facilities, treatment of sewage,
  and trash.

24
Impacts of the War

• Technology and Industry in the North
• Seen to some as the first modern war
• 1st time submariens are used
• Aerial Reconnaissance
• Repeating Rifles
• Ironclad ships
• Photography used extensively and graphically

25
In the North

• Passed the Morrill Tariff of 1861
• Homestead Act of 1862, further westward expansion
• Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862, expands growth of
  Higher Education
• National Banking Act 1863
• Presidential Election of 1864, Lincoln wins

26
In the South

• Ending of Slavery
• Much of South left in Shambles
• Defeated spirit
• Farmland left in shambles

27
Lincolns Assassination

• On 4/9/1865 Grant and Lee meet at Appomattox
  Court house for Confederate surrender
• 5 days later while viewing a play John Wilkes
  Booth, a fanatical southern sympathizer, shoots
  Lincoln in the back of the head.
• Booth single handedly removes the one person that
  would gently reconstruct the South.