Subnational climatefriendly governance initiatives in developing world: a case study of State of So

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Sub-national climate-friendly governance
initiatives in developing world a case study of
State of São Paulo Brazil

• Kamyla B. Cunha and Fernando Rei
• Institute for Energy and Environment
• São Paulo Brasil
• REFGOV Conference
• 15th June 2006

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Objective

• International negotiations about climate change
  regime complexity
• Divergence of interests between UN Climate Change
  Convention (UNFCCC) Parties
• Most of key developing countries - as national
  states - are very reluctant to push forward the
  discussion of commitments distribution between
  Parties
• It is imperative to envisage alternative
  environmental governance initiatives,
  particularly proactive local and regional
  policies, particularly in developing countries.

Objective of this study to present sub-national
climate-friendly governance initiatives now
arising in the developing world, and taking as a
study case the environmental policy implemented
by the State of São Paulo, Brazil. The idea is
to demonstrate that even considering the
reluctant positions of national states (from
developing countries) in assuming more specific
mitigation commitments under UNFCCC umbrella,
there is already happening sub-national proactive
governance actions, which are leading to positive
climate-friendly results
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Presentation's structure

• Role of developing countries in the evolution of
  the climate regime
• reluctance of major emitters
• need to envisage measures capable of reconciling
  emission reductions with socio-economic
  development
• Emergence of alternative environmental policy
  structures, mainly networks originating at local
  and regional levels
• Positive effects at regional levels
• Experience of State of São Paulo
• The context of Brazil in the climate change
  negotiations
• Climate-friendly measures under implementation in
  the regional level
• Concluding remarks

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Climate change mitigation and the role ofkey
developing countries

• International climate regime
• ?CHALLENGE
• to engage all the world's major emitters in a
  long-term effort that fairly and effectively
  mobilizes resources needed to protect the global
  climate

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Climate change mitigation and the role ofkey
developing countries
Source OECD/IEA, 2002
Source IEA, 2005
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Source UNFCCC data base
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The role of key developing countries

• Developing countries broader participation on
  climate change regime encompass 2 aspects
• Environmental effectiveness
• Economic competitiveness between countries
• G 77 China They have almost unanimously held
  the position of refusing to discuss any specific
  mitigation commitments
• their historic and current emissions are still
  much lower than those of developed countries
• differences in their mitigation and adaptation
  capacity
• because of their different adaptive abilities and
  geographic conditions, these countries are
  effectively more vulnerable to the impact of
  climate change
• They face other priority challenges, such as
  socio-economic development and poverty reduction

The whole conflict and its solution hinge on the
discussion about the development model itself
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Climate change and development a new role

• Climatic changes can be regarded as new facts
  that force upon the State the challenge to
  reconcile its dual role
• that of holding political and legal authority to
  sovereignly discuss and agree to international
  measures to face global environmental problems
  (through international law)
• that of guaranteeing wealth production and
  prevailing development patterns

The question arising here is whether the State
and the system of international institutions
created by it - the UN - are able to reconcile
these apparently antagonistic roles
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Environmental governance and new forms of
addressing climate change

• In view of the opposition of representative
  governments of the main developing countries in
  assuming more effective efforts to face climatic
  change,
• and keeping in mind the nature and inherent
  limitations of international law - the legal path
  to international cooperation among States -,
• it is to be expected that alternative and
  complementary mechanisms to address the global
  environmental problem will emerge

These mechanisms have indeed been arising in the
inter-state sphere through the formation of
networks among non-governmental organizations and
among regional and local government agents, and
in the infra-state sphere by the initiative of
local agents as a reflection of these networks,
or else as purely domestic initiatives
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Environmental governance and new forms of
addressing climate change

• Carachteristics
• Environmental problems such as climatic change
  ignore state barriers
• It is considered a global common issue, but is
  concretely felt in infra-state levels
  intergenerational responsibility at all levels of
  social organization, signifying the emergence of
  new and complementary structures to face global
  environmental problems
• cooperative and coordinated action of governance
  systems based on several levels (state,
  supra-state, infra-state and inter-state) and
  comprising state and infra-state (regional and
  local) actors, as well as non-governmental
  actors, each performing a variety of roles
• Positive effects
• a means to press against the inertia of States
• an alternative path to face environmental
  problems

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Environmental governance and new forms of
addressing climate change

• Agenda 21
• ICLEI International Council for Local
  Environmental Initiatives
• NRG4SD Network of Regional Governments for
  Sustainable Development

From the perspective of the developing world,
these networks could be viewed as an alternative
way to address climate change challenges where
the official position of nation-states is still
one of reluctance to take early action
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Climate-friendly governance initiatives
implemented in the State of Sao Paulo the
position of Brazil's Federal Government

• COPs negotiations the country plays an important
  role
• putting forward important proposals for the Kyoto
  Protocol design and further regulations,
• acting in favour of the interests of developing
  countries G 77 China
• The country lies in the 5th position in the top
  GHG emitters
• More than 75 domestic emissions are due to
  deforestation
• The government sustain its position arguing that
  there is already in place national programs in
  the energy sector (such as PROCEL and PROINFA)
  and in the forest management.
• Brazil's government shares the main arguments of
  other developing countries

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Climate-friendly action in state of São Paulo

• Economic development, energy profile and CO2
  emissions trends

• 41 million inhabitants 21of Brazil's entire
  population
• Biggest economy of Brazil representing 32 of
  the national economic productivity, with a GDP of
  US 235 billion in 2003
• Between 1995 and 2004, Brazil's GDP and São
  Paulo's GSP grew at annual rates of 4.9 and 4.8
  percent respectively

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Sao Paulo State Economic development, energy
profile and CO2 emissions trends

• Energy consumption in 2000 amounted to 27 of the
  national matrix
• In 2004, the industrial and transportation
  sectors were the most significant energy
  consumers, with 39 and 26 of the state total
  respectively
• the transport and industrial sectors are the most
  important sources of CO2 emissions in the state
• Emissions profile 83 million metric tons in 2003
  , or nearly one-quarter of Brazil's total
• The state would be the 39th-largest emitter in
  the world
• In 2002, carbon intensity in São Paulo was 32
  lower than the national average (515 tCO2/R GSP
  and 762 tCO2/R GDP respectively)

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Sao Paulo State Economic development, energy
profile and CO2 emissions trends
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Climate-friendly initiatives

• 1995 Climate Change Prevention Program -
  PROCLIMA
• 2002 published its Agenda 21 climate change
  figures prominently
• 2002 the state Government and other regional
  authorities launched the NRG4SD. Nowadays, the
  state is part of the Steering Committee
• 2005 the state government of São Paulo signed a
  cooperation agreement with the state of
  California, USA
• 2005 the state government of São Paulo created a
  Forum on Climate Change

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Climate-friendly initiatives

• Landfill emission reduction
• Improvement of waste disposal areas and landfills
• Use of the landfill gas to generate energy. Ex.
  Aterro Bandeirantes
• Reducing transportation emissions
• Increase of ethanol production
• Integrated Transport Plan at Metropolitan area of
  São Paulo
• Hybrid diesel-electric vehicles
• Expansion of the fleet of electric trolleybuses
• Rapid transit corridors

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Climate-friendly initiatives

• Program for Reduction of Emissions to the
  Atmosphere (PREA)
• Land use carbon sequestration (Riparian Forest
  Program)
• Biomass origin electricity
• Development of ambitious new-model vehicle
  emission standards (PROCONVE Phase 7)

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Climate-friendly initiatives benefits

• Transport sector
• PROCONVE
• 1997 to 2000 net benefits to public health in
  São Paulo of over 4,500 avoided deaths and 5,500
  avoided hospital admissions, valued at US2.9
  billion to 4.0 billion.
• Between 2000 and 2020, the PROCONVE program is
  expected to result in almost 10,000 avoided
  hospital admissions and more than 8,800 avoided
  deaths attributed to air pollution, with an
  economic value of US4.8 billion to 6.7 billion.
• state of São Paulo's Integrated Transport Plan
• is expected to result in an additional 2,277
  avoided hospital admissions and 1,800 avoided
  deaths from 2000 to 2020, with a value of US1.7
  billion to 2.3 billion

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Climate-friendly initiatives benefits

• PREA
• It is estimated that savings of 8 to 15 percent
  are achievable in Brazilian industry based on
  cost-effective measures such as replacing
  oversized motors, improving transmission systems,
  replacing overloaded internal lines and
  transformers, correcting low power factors, and
  reducing excessive peak loads. Additional savings
  of 7 to 15 percent could be achieved by using
  efficient motors and variable-speed drives
  improving the efficiency of electrical furnaces,
  boilers, and electrolytic processes and through
  greater use of cogeneration.
• The state's reforestation projects
• provide many other social and environmental
  benefits, including job creation, protection of
  ecosystem services (water purification, flood
  regulation, local climate regulation) and
  protection of biodiversity.

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Conclusion remarks

• Even though nation-states may remain reluctant to
  assume early climate change mitigation measures,
  thus making the international arena a complex and
  difficult path for the convergence of
  climate-friendly initiatives, there is enough
  space for alternative structures and approaches
  in both developing and developed countries
• The spread of environmental networks at local and
  regional levels is an interesting governance
  example that legitimates regional
  climate-friendly actions, enhancing closer
  inter-regional cooperation and acting as a
  nuclear voice able to make positive impacts at
  national and international levels

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Conclusion remarks

• The implementation of climate-friendly measures
  and the demonstration of their benefits can be
  used as instruments to pressure nation-states to
  change their positions.
• Internationally, the networks can create a
  representative arena to share experience and to
  participate in official negotiations.
• These alternative environmental instruments are
  particularly important to the developing world
• the results of climate-friendly measures
  implemented under the influence of networks or by
  initiative of regional governments demonstrates
  the prevalence of environmental and cost
  benefits.
• These initiatives validate the idea that it is
  not impossible to reconcile climate protection
  and development.
• The experience of São Paulo state, though
  somewhat isolated within the Brazilian political
  scene, is an illustrative example of the fact
  that early action in climate mitigation can
  brings good results -- and this is particularly
  meaningful with regard to developing countries.

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• Thank you for your attention!
• Kamyla B. Cunha
• Institute of Energy and Environment
• UNICAMP
• kamyla_at_fem.unicamp.br
• 55 11 3815 4580