New Encounters: The Creation of a World Market

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• New Encounters The Creation of a World Market

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An Age of Exploration and Expansion

• Islam and the Spice Trade
• Spice trade transported in Muslim ships from
  India or Middle East
• Islam established in Sumatra and Java seaports
  and moved inland
• New sultanate at Malacca leading economic
  regional power
• Spread of Islam to other trading ports, Java,
  Borneo, Sulawesi, Philippines
• Muslim faith and Sufism
• Spread of Islam in West Africa
• Muslim trade and religious influence expanded
  south of Sahara to West Africa
• Muslim control over Mediterranean coast regions
  brought Islamic values, political culture, and
  legal traditions
• Kingdom of Mali
• Kingdom of Songhai
• Askia Mohammed, a fervent Muslim

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A New Player Europe

• European medieval travelers
• Nicolò, Maffeo, and Marco Polo, 1271
• The Motives
• Economic motive, religious zeal, expansion a
  state,
• God, glory, and gold
• Rise of capitalism expansion of trade and search
  for metals
• Crusading mentality strong in Portugal and Spain
• The Means
• European monarchies increased authority and
  resources, so turned to the world beyond their
  borders
• Portugal went overseas not strong enough to
  pursue Europe
• Spain had means to pursue power on Continent
  and beyond
• Knowledge and technology
• Portolani (charts), seaworthy ships, sails,
  rudder, compass

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Portuguese Maritime Empire

• The Portuguese lead in exploration
• Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460)
• Sought Christian kingdom as ally against Muslims
• Sought new trade opportunities
• Explored west coast of Africa for gold
• Returned with black Africans who were sold as
  slaves
• The Portuguese in India
• Route to India around southern tip of Africa
• Bartolomeu Dias, 1487 attempts to get to India
  failed
• Vasco da Gama, 1498 finds India and lands in
  Calicut
• The Search for Spices
• Alfonso de Albuquerque 1510 established
  headquarters at Goa
• Attacked Malacca to destroy the Arab spice trade
  network and provide way station
• Expeditions to China and Moluccas (Spice Islands)
• Seized control of spice trade from Muslin traders
• Success due to guns and seamanship

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The Spice Islands
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Spanish Conquest in the New World

• The Voyages
• Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)
• Voyages in 1492, 1493, 1498, and 1502
• John Cabot, 1497
• New England
• Pedro Cabral, 1500
• South America
• Amerigo Vespucci, wrote letters named new lands
  America (after Amerigo)

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Columbus Lands in the Americas
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The Conquests

• Opportunities for conquest and exploitation
• Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494
• Cape of Good Hope route for Portuguese
• Route across Atlantic for Spain
• Spanish conquistadors upper-class people
  motivated by glory, greed, and religious zeal
• Superior weapons, organizational skills,
  determination
• Hernan Cortés defeated Moctezuma and conquered
  Mexico in 1519
• Francisco Pizarro controlled Inka Empire (Peru)
  1531-1536

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Governing the Empire

• Encomienda
• Forced labor
• Diesase
• Council of the Indies
• Viceroy
• New Spain and Peru
• Papal agreement

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The Impact of European Expansion

• Native Americans ravaged by disease
• Psychological impact
• Conquerors sought gold and silver
• New products sent to Europe
• Deepened rivalries
• Why did Europeans risk their lives?

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New Rivals

• Portuguese
• Portugal lacked numbers, wealth to dominate trade
• Disease, shipwreck and battles took a toll
• Europeans in Asia
• Ferdinand Magellan conquered the Philippines for
  Spain
• First English expedition to the Indies in 1591
• East India Company sent fleet to Surat, India in
  1608
• Dutch arrived in India in 1595
• Dutch East India Company formed in 1602

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Europeans in the Americas

• Dutch, French, English made inroads on Spanish
  and Portuguese possessions in Americas
• Portuguese
• trade eroded in both West and the East
• Colonial empire in Brazil was profitable
• Dutch
• made inroads in Brazil and Caribbean
• Colony of New Netherland stretched from Hudson
  river as far north as Albany, New York
• Dutch West India company went bankrupt

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Europeans in the Americas, contd

• French
• Lesser Antilles and Louisiana
• Canada was part of French crown and became a
  French province
• Conflict in Europe took precedence over conquest
  in Americas
• English
• Seized New Netherland and renamed it New York
• Colonial empire along Atlantic seaboard
• Huge immigration to Americas to escape religious
  oppression and for economic interests

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Africa in Transition

• Portuguese in east Africa
• Gold trade
• Mwene Matapa
• Southern Africa
• Settled by the Dutch, Boers, in 1652
• West Africa
• Mali
• Songhai
• King Askia Mohammed, 1493-1528
• Broke up after his death
• Increased European contact with West Africa

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European Possessions in the West Indies
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The Slave Trade

• Origins of Slavery in Africa
• Traffic in slaves existed for centuries before
  the Portuguese arrived in Africa
• Primary market for slaves was Middle East
• Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
• Need for slaves to work in labor intensive sugar
  cane industries in New World
• Growth of Slave Trade
• 16th C 275,000 African slaves exported
• 17th C a million
• 18th C 6 million
• 16th-19th C 10 million to Americas and 2 million
  to other areas

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The Middle Passage

• High death rates from voyage
• Treated inhumanely chained, faced diseases and
  stink from human waste
• Sources of Slaves
• Prisoners or war captives or inherited their
  status
• Served as domestic servants or wageless workers
• Purchase from local slave markets for gold, guns,
  textiles, utensils
• Took Africans from coast, then went inland and
  launched forays against defenseless villages

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Effects of Slave Trade

• Lives of individual victims and families
• Depopulation of areas of continent (Angola, south
  of Congo, East Africa)
• 20 sold were children
• European justification
• slave trading historical
• African intermediaries were the sellers
• Slaves could be converted to Christianity and
  would replace weak American Indian workers

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Political and Social Structures in a Changing
Continent

• Importation of manufactured goods from Europe
  undermined foundations of local cottage industry
• Limited European penetration of Africa
• Altering of trading empires
• European impact on inland areas
• European impact on West Africa
• Unity and benefits for West African kingdoms
• Involvement in the slave trade and temptations of
  profit contributed to conflict among states
• Splintering of the Congo region
• East Africa
• Movements by Arab forces to expel the Portuguese

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The Slave Trade
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Southeast Asia in the Era of the Spice Trade The
arrival of the West

• Dutch East India Company
• Batavia, 1619
• Java and Sumatra have pepper plantations
• Cohesive monarchies in Burma, Thailand, and
  Vietnam resisted foreign encroachment
• Spices did not flourish on the mainland
• Europeans became involved in factional struggles
• By end of the 18th century Europeans began to
  abandon their trading stations

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State and Society in Pre-colonial Southeast Asia

• Religion and Kingship
• Islam and Christianity make inroads
• Buddhism in the lowland areas
• Four types of political systems
• Buddhist kings, Javanese kings, Islamic sultans,
  Vietnamese Emperors
• Economy and Society
• Mostly agriculture during the early European
  period
• Cash crops begin to replace subsistence farming
• Southeast Asia an importer of manufactured goods
• Exports of tin, copper, gold, fruits, ceramics
• Higher standard of living than most of Asia
• Social institutions

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European Voyages and Possessions in the 16th and
17th Centuries
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The Pattern of World Trade from 16th-18th
Centuries
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Discussion Questions

• How did Portugal and Spain acquire their overseas
  empires, and how did their methods differ?
• What were some of the consequences of the arrival
  of the European traders and missionaries for the
  peoples of Asia and the Americas?
• What were the main features of the African slave
  trade, and what effects did European
  participation have on traditional practices?
• What were the main characteristics of Southeast
  Asia societies, and how were they affected by the
  coming of Islam and the Europeans?