General Psychology - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

1 / 51
About This Presentation
Title:

General Psychology

Description:

... of prejudice and discrimination (even with laws prohibiting such discrimination) ... Prejudices, Stereotypes, and Discrimination ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:47
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 52
Provided by: benttre
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: General Psychology


1
General Psychology
  • Chapter 14
  • Social Psychology

2
Social Cognition Making Sense of the World
  • Social Psychology field of psychology concerned
    with how others influence the thoughts, feelings,
    and behaviors of the individual

3
Social Cognition Making Sense of the World
  • What information about the social nature of the
    world do we have stored in memory?
  • How does that information influence social
    judgments, choices, attractions, and behaviors?

4
Social Cognition Making Sense of the World
  • Naïve realism tendency for us to believe that
    we see the world in a more rational, objective
    way than other people do

5
Nature of Attitudes
  • Attitude relatively stable disposition toward
    some object or event. Consists of
  • Affect
  • Behaviors
  • Cognitions

6
Attitude Formation
  • Formed through learning
  • Observational Learning
  • Classical Conditioning
  • Operant Conditioning

7
Figure 14.1 A schematic diagram of how attitudes
may be formed through classical conditioning.
8
Attitude Formation
  • Mere exposure phenomenon the more one is
    exposed to an object, the greater likelihood that
    he or she will develop positive attitudes about
    that object

9
Attitude Formation
  • Agenda setting
  • First level media tells audience which issues
    are important
  • Second level media works to shape the
    audiences attitudes about the issues it chooses
    to discuss

10
Attitude Change Mechanisms
  • Leon Festinger
  • Cognitive Dissonance a negative emotional state
    arises when our attitudes, thoughts, and
    behaviors are out of balance or are inconsistent

11
Attitude Change by Persuasion
  • Successful persuasion depends on nature of
    message and the audience
  • Rational appeal
  • Emotional appeal
  • Fear appeal

12
Attitude Change by Persuasion
  • Elaboration likelihood model model of
    persuasion stating that there are 2 alternative
    routes to persuasion the central route and the
    peripheral route

13
Spotlight Attitudes Toward People with
Disabilities
  • A person with a disability has difficulty
    performing certain functions (seeing, walking,
    etc.), has difficulty with the activities of
    daily life, or with certain social roles (school
    work, work on a job, etc.)

14
Spotlight Attitudes Toward People with
Disabilities
  • Persons with disabilities
  • Are often the object of prejudice and
    discrimination (even with laws prohibiting such
    discrimination)
  • Are often seen as less able in areas unrelated to
    their particular disability
  • Are often of lower-than-average economic status
  • May be seen as not just different, but also
    damaged

15
Figure 14.2 Leon Festingers results.
16
Attitude Change Mechanisms
  • Postdecisional dissonance cognitive dissonance
    that occurs after making a decision between 2
    mutually exclusive, equally attractive, different
    alternatives

17
Attitude Change Mechanisms
  • Darrel Bem
  • Self-perception theory we keenly observe
    behavior, including our own, and look for an
    explanation for that behavior

18
Attitude Change Mechanisms
  • Persuasion application of rational and/or
    emotional arguments to convince others to change
    their attitudes and beliefs

19
Attitude Change Mechanisms
  • Yale communication model considers the
    influence of the source of a message, the
    structure of a message, and the audience for a
    message
  • Source very important!

20
Prejudices, Stereotypes, and Discrimination
  • Prejudice attitude that represents a biased
    often negative disposition toward groups of
    persons
  • Racism
  • Sexism

21
Prejudices, Stereotypes, and Discrimination
  • Stereotype rigid set of positive or negative
    beliefs about a group of people
  • Rigid, over-generalized, often biased schema
  • Explicit stereotypes
  • Implicit stereotypes

22
Prejudices, Stereotypes, and Discrimination
  • Discrimination behavioral component of
    prejudice
  • The (usually) negative behavior(s) directed at a
    member of a group simply because of that persons
    membership in the group

23
Spotlight Racial Profiling of African Americans
and Hispanic Americans
  • Profiling when members of law enforcement stop,
    search, or arrest persons on the basis of their
    race or ethnicity, national origin, or religion

24
Spotlight Racial Profiling of African Americans
and Hispanic Americans
  • Blacks are stopped and searched about 20 more
    often than are Caucasians
  • Problem perceived as worse than it is
  • Example of aversive racism
  • Racial profiling is outlawed in U.S. and 30
    states

25
Attribution Processes
  • Internal attribution explains the source of a
    persons behavior in terms of a characteristic of
    the person (trait or disposition)
  • External attribution explains the source of a
    persons behavior in terms of the situation or
    context outside the individual

26
Attribution Processes
  • Fundamental attribution error tendency to favor
    internal attributions rather than external
    situational explanations

27
Attribution Processes
  • Just world hypothesis bias in which people come
    to believe that good things only happen to good
    people and bad things only happen to bad people

28
Attribution Processes
  • Self-serving bias success or positive outcomes
    are attributed to personal, internal sources, and
    failures, or negative outcomes are attributed to
    situational or external sources

29
Attribution Processes
  • Actor-observer bias one tends to use external
    attributions for his or her behaviors and
    internal attributions for the behavior of others

30
Interpersonal Attraction
  • Reinforcement-affect model people are attracted
    to others who provide rewarding experiences
  • Social exchange model what matters most is a
    comparison of the costs and benefits of
    establishing a relationship

31
Interpersonal Attraction
  • Equity theory extends social exchange model to
    add appraisal of rewards and costs for both
    parties in a relationship

32
Interpersonal Attraction
  • Reciprocity a person tends to value and like
    others who like and value him or her
  • Proximity simple physical closeness yields
    attraction
  • Mere exposure phenomenon liking increases with
    repeated exposure
  • Physical attractiveness

33
Factors Affecting Personal Attraction
  • Matching phenomenon suggests that one is often
    attracted to someone else of the same level of
    physical attractiveness and social status
  • Opposites may attract, but similarity is more
    powerful over time!

34
Conformity
  • Modifying behavior under perceived pressure to do
    so, so that it is consistent with the behavior of
    others

35
Conformity
  • Solomon Asch found that people were susceptible
    to social pressure when they were in an ambiguous
    situation
  • True partner effect any social support for
    ones decision minimizes conformity

36
Figure 14.3 The type of stimuli used in Aschs
conformity experiments.
37
Conformity
  • Factors influencing degree of conformity
  • The more competent the majority, the greater the
    conformity
  • The more ambiguous the situation, the greater the
    conformity
  • Women conform more than men in some circumstances

38
Obedience to Authority
  • Obedience results when one yields to the pressure
    of perceived authority
  • Obedience demonstrated in the laboratory by
    Stanley Milgram
  • Teachers were asked to shock observers in a
    task presented as a learning experiment
  • Even when learners yelled in protest, many
    participants continued with shocks when asked to
    do so by the experimenter

39
Figure 14.4 Results from Milgrams experiments.
40
Bystander Intervention
  • Social psychology of bystander intervention deals
    with the conditions under which observers
    (bystanders) will come to the aid of someone
    perceived to be in trouble

41
Bystander Intervention
  • First, the bystander must notice what is
    happening.
  • The bystander must label the situation as an
    emergency.
  • The bystander must decide that it is his or her
    responsibility to do something.
  • The bystander must implement his or her decision.

42
Figure 14.5 Bystander intervention model.
43
Bystander Intervention
  • Bystander effect social inhibition of helping
  • Accounted for by
  • Audience inhibition tendency to be hesitant to
    do anything in front of others, especially
    strangers

44
Bystander Intervention
  • 2. Pluralistic ignorance ones tendency to
    believe that he or she is confused and does not
    know what to do in an emergency, whereas everyone
    else is standing around doing nothing for some
    reason

45
Bystander Intervention
  • 3. Diffusion of responsibility the greater the
    number of people present, the smaller is each
    persons perceived obligation to intervene

46
Bystander Intervention
  • Empathy-altruism hypothesis empathy is one
    reason for helping those in need
  • Egoism motive for helping someone in need is to
    avoid personal distress for not helping

47
Social Loafing and Facilitation
  • Social loafing is the tendency to work less
    (decrease individual effort) as the size of the
    group in which one is working becomes larger

48
Social Loafing and Facilitation
  • Social facilitation when the presence of others
    improves an individuals performance
  • Social interference when the presence of others
    leads to poor performance

49
Decision-Making in Groups
  • Groups tend to recognize answers faster.
  • Groups with high-quality members perform better
    than those with low-quality members.
  • Groups bring more resources to problem-solving
    tasks.
  • Interpersonal cohesiveness and task-based
    cohesiveness increase productivity.

50
Decision-Making in Groups
  • Risky shift phenomenon groups make decisions
    that are riskier than those made by individuals
  • Group polarization effect group participation
    will make any individuals reactions more extreme
    or polarized

51
Decision-Making in Groups
  • Groupthink 8 symptoms
  • An illusion of invulnerability
  • Rationalization
  • Unquestioned belief in groups inherent morality
  • Stereotyped views of the enemy
  • Conformity pressures
  • Self-censorship
  • An illusion of unanimity
  • Emergence of self-appointed mindguards
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com