Planned and ongoing field campaigns for studying the long range transport of pollution into Californ

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Overall Perspective for UAVs and other observing
systems V Ramanathan (Boulder October 2, 2007)
We have moved into an era when Climate Change
is accepted as real Climate warming will
continue unabated during the coming decades is
also accepted widely also accepted Is that
human activities are the major drivers for many
of the changes..
Warming is projected to continue unabated for at
least next few decades and thus we will move
into an era when suffering of humans and all
animals severe ecosystem stresses will be the
major focus of decision makers.
So we should all explore How is this new tool,
i.e, UAS, going to serve as an early warning
system for chronic and abrupt changes in the
coming decades
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Unmanned Aereal vehicles A New tool to observe
Human Impacts
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Melting of Himalayan Glaciers Nature July 2007
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Example of Advantages Take off and land with
ease ability to target accurately
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Total Particle Concentration during MAC
Corrigan et al., 2007
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The Maldives Autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
Campaign (MAC) 06 March - 01 April, 2006

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Thank You
National Science Foundation (major primary
funding for UAVs) J Fein NOAA (Major funding
for observatory and MAC campaign) C
Koblinsky NASA (campaign support
Dryden) Advanced Ceramics for conducting
campaign Advisory committee D Fahey J
Kuettner J Fein H Maring
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Courtesy M Ralph, NOAA
GAP between satellites and surface-based
sensors Unmanned Aircraft Systems have great
potential to fill this gap and take observations
to complement our existing platforms What are
the gaps ?
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Early warning system for long range transport of
air pollution and impacts on Californias air
quality, snow pack and rainfall.
PI V Ramanathan, Scripps Institution of
Oceanography, UCSD

• Mission 2. CAPPS California AUAV Air Pollution
  Profiling Study. PI V Ramanathan. Co-PI C
  Corrigan Funding CEC
• Mission 3. MEPAC Multi-UAV East Pacific
  Campaign. PI V. Ramanathan. Co-PI M Ramana and
  G McFarquhar Funding Proposed to DOE.
• Mission 4 ARCSS - Atmospheric Rivers and
  Californian Storms Study. PI V Ramanathan and M
  Ralph. Co-PI M Lehmann. (collaboration with
  NOAA)
• Mission 5 WPAC Western Pacific AUAV Campaign.
  PIs S Yoon and V Ramanathan. Co-PI Hung Nguyen
  (collaboration with Seoul National University)

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California AUAV Air Pollution Profiling Study
(CAPPS) Proposed to CEC

• Long range transport of pollution from Asia
  contributes to climate change in California
• Collect an annual record of the vertical
  distribution of aerosols, ozone and solar fluxes
  over central CA.
• Jan Dec 2008

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Multi-UAV East Pacific Campaign (MEPAC)A
definitive experiment on Atmospheric Absorption
in Cloudy SkiesProposed to DOE

• An investigation of Albedo, Solar Absorption and
  Heating rates in cloudy atmosphere affected by
  marine and anthropogenic aerosols.
• Can Simultaneous measurements of shortwave
  radiative fluxes at altitudes above, within, and
  below extensive cloud decks be explained within
  measurement accuracy without inducing any unknown
  or anomalous physics?
• June - July, 2009/2010
• 4-UAVs in stacked flight with
• 1-UAV vertical profiling

Off the coast of San Diego
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Cloud Absorption Experiment
3 km asl
above cloud
In cloud
below cloud
Vertical Profiling
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Improving Precipitation Forecast Atmospheric
Rivers and Californian Storms Study
(Satellite view of water vapor from SSMI onboard
DOD DMPS)

• Atmospheric Rivers are responsible for high
  rainfall events that often result in flooding,
  mudslides, etc. -the Pineapple Express
• UAS will be deployed to obtain direct high
  resolution measurements of vertical and
  horizontal structure of atmospheric rivers
  (temperature, humidity, wind, aerosol, and water
  clouds.)
• Pilot study for UAS in 2008, multi-platform study
  proposed for 2009

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Dust
Dust Storm, April 17, 2006
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WPAC - Western Pacific AUAV Campaign

• Measure changes in pollution and dust plumes
• as it travels across Pacific
• Korea, Alaska, and California. 2009 2010

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Today
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Tomorrow
Ideal System Small UAVs for profiling
measuring fluxes from the surface Large UAVs
doing remote sensing over the smaller UAVs to
integrate Process studies with climate scale
phenomenon
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Cloud Precip Radar
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Next Step in the UAV System A Proposal
I. Bring in Advanced Technology in
Miniaturization and Multiple UAV operations
Sensor networking Swarm Technology sense and
avoid software Integrate MEMS,
NANO-Technology and Sensor Networking II.
Address outstanding and Major Issues Early
warning systems Climate Change Long Range
Transport of Air Pollution III. Integrate UAS
with existing Observing systems Sensor
networking
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Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) Gyroscopes
Spectral Imagers
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Integrated nanosensors using porous photonic
crystalsMichael J. Sailor, UC San Diego
Integrated photonic crystals for detection of
chemical and biological agents
Objectives and Approach

• Develop sensitive and specific sensors for
  chemical and biological agents using porous
  photonic crystals.
• Develop capability to correct for changes in
  relative humidity, temperature in a low-power,
  portable package.
• Demonstrate integratability with conventional
  electronics.

Porous silicon nanostructure
Low-power photonic crystal-based sensor for VOCs
Accomplishments
DoD Relevance

• Invented Reflective Interferometric Fourier
  Transform Spectroscopy (RIFTS) that provides
  automatic drift compensation at the materials
  level.
• Invented waveform superposition method for
  electrochemical fabrication of 1-dimensional
  photonic crystals in silicon. Method provides
  materials with precisely controlled spectral
  reflectivity features.

• Ultra low power detectors for chemical and
  biological agents.
• Progress towards distributed wireless sensor
  networks to improve P(detect), reduce P(false
  alarm) in enclosed and open environments.

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Sensing principle

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Next Stage Requirements Long duration and
Endurance Ship Launch Capability Retracting
Landing Gear Higher altitude (18000 ft).
Kosmatka, Engg Dept, UCSD