Welcome to the presentation of the KBDA sponsored research project on

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Welcome to the presentation of the
KBDA sponsored research project on Utilization
of distillery spent wash for crop production
Dr. C.A. Srinivasamurthy, Professor
Department of Soil Science and
Agricultural chemistry College of
Agriculture UAS, GKVK, Bangalore-560 065 And
Dr. S.G. Patil, Professor Head
Department of Environmental Sciences UAS,
Dharwad-580 005
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Distilleries in
Karnataka Number of Primary Distilleries 29 Stand
alone 13 On-line 16 Capacity of alcohol
production 20-60
Kilo-liters/day Installed Capacity 280
million liters/year Actual Production 190
million liters/year Estimated Spent Wash
Production 2280 million liters _at_
12 liters/l of alcohol Note The distilleries
in Karnataka are molasses based
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Scenario at the Distilleries Spent Wash was
being utilized directly for land application or
for composting utilizing press mud as a base
material. However, the dosage to individual
crops, periodicity of application and long term
impact on soil and environment were not
available. Therefore KSPCB felt the need for
instituting a research programme.
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Members of R D Advisory Committee

• Dr. K. Mohan Naidu (Physiologist) Chairman
• Former Director, Sugarcane Breeding
  Institute, Coimbatore
• Dr. D.J. Bagyaraj (Microbiologist) Member
• INSA Sr. Scientist, Dept. of Ag.
  Microbiology, UAS, Bangalore
• Dr. C.V. Patil (Soil Scientist) Member
• Former Director of Instruction, UAS, Dharwad
• Dr. S.G. Patil (Environmental Scientist) Member
• Head, Dept. of Environmental Sciences, UAS,
  Dharwad
• Dr. B. R. Hegde (Agronomist) Member Secretary
• Former Director of Research, UAS, Bangalore
• Funding
• KSPCB Rs. 6.0 lakhs
• KBDA Rs. 80.0 lakhs

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Research Project Objectives in Universities

• To characterize distillery effluents regarding
  their physical, chemical and biological
  properties
• To assess the short and long term effects of
  treated spentwash application on soil health,
  crop growth and ground water pollution
• To identify alternative uses for distillery
  effluent such as bio-composting and land
  application so as to utilize its nutrients in a
  non-polluting and sustainable way.
• To study the possibility of de-odourizing and
  de-colourizing the effluent using microbial
  cultures

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Physico Chemical Properties of Spent Wash
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Effluent Standards for Fermentation
Industry (Distilleries, Maltries and Breweries)
Source Environment(Protection)Rules,1986
Schedule I Schedule II
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Nutrients in Spent Wash
Every cubic meter of distillery spent wash
contains 1 kg N, 0.2 kg P2O5 and 10 kg K2O in
addition to large quantities of secondary
nutrient viz., Ca, Mg S. It also contains
essential micro nutrients in sufficient
quantities Based on the nutrient content, it is
estimated that the spent wash generated from a 30
KLPD capacity distillery can supply sufficient
nitrogen(and other nutrients)for maintaining 6000
acres of dry land ragi(Finger millet) or 3000
acres under irrigated conditions.
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SPENT WASH UTILIZATION BY ONE TIME CONTROLLED
LAND APPLICATION

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Effluent Utilization / Disposal Options

• Utilization in agriculture
• - Pre sowing one time land application
• -
  Ferti-irrigation
• - Composting
• - Spray drying for production of bio-K
• 2. Disposal options
• - Concentration and incineration
• - Direct discharge in to sea
• - Disposal after RO treatment

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One time controlled application of bio-methanated
spent wash
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Pre-sown One Time Application of spentwash as
organic Liquid Manure for dry land agriculture
PRE-SOWN APPLICATION IN DRY LANDS

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A VIEW OF SPENT WASH APPLICATION USING WATER
METER AND HOSE PIPE FITTED TO TANKER
USE OF WATER METER FOR SPENT WASH APPLICATION
One-time land application
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DOSES OF ONE TIME APPLICATION
ON SUNFLOWER
IMPORTANT INFERENCES

• Results showed that spentwash applied at the
  recommended level of N or P was good or better
  than fertilizer applied at the same dosage.
• There was some build of K but only a slight
  increase in the EC, OC, N and P content of soil
  after the harvest of the crops
• There was no adverse effect of spentwash
  application on microbial population of soils.

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Sunflower grown using treated spentwash as one
time land application
Response of maize crop to application of
spentwash at Bannur
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Crop response to one time application of spentwash
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SPENTWASH APPLIED FIELD
P
N
K
K
OM
OM
SOIL ORGANIC MATTER
OM
OM
OM
OM
Soil organic matter with holds nutrients and
supply effectively to plant
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Distillery Spentwash a wholesome liquid manure
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PIEZOMETER INSTALLATION TO CHECK THE SPENTWASH
MOBILIZATION
.
End cup
Bore hole
Ground level
.
.
Top soil
Depth 1 m 1.5 m 2 m 6 m
White cement
.
Water / effluent
Back fill
White cement


.
Coarse sand
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
Perforation at bottom
End cup
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PIEZOMETER INSTALLATION
INSTALLED PIEZOMETER SEEN IN THE MIDST OF
SUGARCANE TRIAL FIELD
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Soil properties as affected by spentwash
application after the harvest of crops in 2005
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Ferti-irrigation of bio-methanated spent wash
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Response to Ferti-irrigation
Maize crop grown using diluted spent wash (VC
Farm, Mandya)
Sugarcane crop grown using diluted spent wash
(Chamundi Distilleries, Bannur)
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Response of maize to spent wash application in
Ferti-Irrigation experiment at on-station (UAS,
Dharwad)
Germination of maize as influenced by spent wash
application in Ferti-irrigation experiment at
On-station (UASD)
1P through Fertilizer
1P Through Spent wash
Growth and yield of Maize as influenced by
Ferti-irrigation
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Soil properties (0-15 cm) after harvest of crop
as influenced by ferti-irrigation of treated
spent wash to sugarcane crop at VC farm, Mandya
(2005-06)
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Composting of Spent Wash using Press mud
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AERO BOOSTING IN ACTION
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Response of maize to Bio-compost application
1 P through Bio-compost
1 P through fertilizer

• The results gave yields on par or at higher
  levels than fertilizer (SSP/Compost) at the same
  level.
• Application of bio-compost did not result in
  build up to salts in soils after the harvest of
  crops. There was a slight increase in the organic
  carbon, available N, P and K contents of soil in
  the plots receiving bio-compost.
• There was no adverse effect on soil and
  microbial population.

Note FP (Farmers practice) Bio-Compost _at_ 6.7
ton per ha.
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Response of crops to bio-compost application
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Soil properties as affected by bio-compost
application after the harvest of crops in 2005
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Composting Techniques

• HASTENING OF COMPOSTING PROCESS
• ENRICHMENT OF COMPOST
• ALTERNATE SUBSTRATES FOR COMPOSTING

SPRAYING OF IMPROVED BIO INCULANTS ON PRESS MUD
HEAPS
SUNHEMP CROP FOR USE AS ALTERNATIVE SUBSTRATE
COMPOSTING WITH MAIZE STALKS AS ALTERNATIVE
SUBSTRATE
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Chemical properties of bio-compost prepared by
using alternative substrates (after 120 days)
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• Alternative Substrates for Compost Making
• Press mud was the best substrate for compost
  making.
• Sugarcane trash, sunflower and red gram stalks
  chopped to 1.25 cm and mixed with pressmud in 11
  proportion are equally good.
• Substratespentwash ratio should be 14 and the
  minimum time required is 90 days when alternative
  substrates are used for composting. Moisture
  level of 60 per cent was optimum for all
  substrates tested.
• Finer the size of the material, faster was the
  rate of decomposition and higher the quantity of
  spentwash used (up to 17).
• Application of distillery spentwash to pressmud
  once in two days followed by once in three days
  to an ultimate of 13or 13.5 substratespentwash
  ratio resulted in good quality compost with CN
  ratio of lt 17.

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Alternative Substrates for Compost Making
Microbial culture consisting of mixture of
Two lignolytic fungi - Phanerochaete
chrysosporium
-Pleurotus sajor-kaju Two cellulolytic
fungi-Trichoderma harzianum
-Trichurus spiralis _at_ 2.5 kg/ton of
substrates found beneficial
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Integrated Method of Decolourization

• Collection of Microbes
• Isolation of Fungi, Bacteria and Actinomycetes
  from contaminated sites
• Microorganisms purified by streak plate method
  and cultured
• Mixed bacterial cultures were used for
  decolorization

• Microbial consortia YS-8, C-103, YS-4, UM-3 and
  B-3 are capable of decolourizing spentwash
• Marine fungi K1, Ku2 and Ku3 decolourized 50 per
  cent diluted spentwash to an extent of 60 per
  cent in 7 days
• Decolourization can be enhanced by adding
  glucose, which produced hydrogen peroxide a
  strong oxidizing agent upon oxidation
• Microbial inoculation followed by KMnO4 treatment
  resulted in 78 per cent decolourization

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• General recommendation and conclusions
• Bio methanated distillery spent wash can be used
  safely as a source of nutrients. However, for
  reasons of salt build up, it should be used only
  in alternate years.
• Distillery spent wash is rich in certain
  nutrients like N K but poor in P. Therefore
  there is a need to balance this limiting element
  through other sources.
• Ferti-irrigation is a feasible method in almost
  all the irrigated crops. 40 of the total should
  be applied as basal and the remaining 60 in 3-6
  irrigations.
• Spent wash can be used along with press mud for
  preparation of bio-compost. In the event of
  shortage of press mud, other alternative
  materials like crop residues may be used.

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• Application of research findings
• Based on the research findings,the approach of
  one time
• controlled land application of
  bio-methanated spentwash to
• dry land crops submitted to CPCB was approved
  during 2006.
• Protocols have been developed by CPCB for one
  time controlled
• land application of spent wash to be adopted
  by distilleries.
• In this approach spent wash can be utilized as a
  substitute to N
• and K fertilizers. The quantity of spent wash
  should be based on
• the recommended N requirement of crops.

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The distilleries engaged in one time application
of distillery-spent wash to dry lands.
UAS,Bangalore 1.Sri Chamundeshwari Sugars Ltd.,
Bharathi Nagar 2.Chamundi distilleries,
Bannur 3.Gemini distilleries, Nanjangudu 4.Gauri
industries (Karnataka)Pvt.Ltd., Gauribidanur 5.
J.P. distilleries Pvt.Ltd., Kunigal 6.SCM sugars,
Koppa, Maddur UAS,Dharwad 1.SLN
distilleries,Garag 2.IDBL,Bidar 3.Ravindra
distilleries, Bidar 4.Samson distilleries,
Davanagere 5.Savarien distilleries,Sindhanur 6.J.P
. distilleries, Bidar
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• Future lines of Research
• One time contrrolled application is currently an
  accepted recommendation by the Department of
  Agriculture. Environmental monitoring is taken up
  by Agricultural Universities.This also gives a
  good scope of continued reserch in the problem
  areas faced by the distilleries.
• Composting requires a vast area of impervious
  compost yard. The present cost of concreting the
  compost yard is about Rs. 40 lakhs/acre and each
  distillery may require around 8-10 acres of
  compost yard. There is a need to work on cheaper
  and alternative methods of lining.
• contd.,

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• The recent thinking is to adopt Reverse
  Osmosis(R.O.) for separating salts. But this
  still leaves 40 of the concentrated effluent to
  be disposed. Composting of RO would still be a
  challenge.
• Spent wash is rich not only in nutrients but also
  in certain growth regulators. Using balanced
  spent wash as spray application to crops needs to
  be studied.
• Decolourisation of spent wash using
  microorganisms is still eluding the researchers.
  Alternative methods of decolourisation need to be
  worked out .
• Alternative by-products like single cell
  proteins, enzymes and growth regulators are
  subjects of future research.

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• Acknowledgement
• KBDA acknowledge the R D committee members for
  their technical and moral support during the
  course of this investigation.
• KBDA also acknowledgesKSPCB for financial support
  and encouragement.
• Special thanks to both the Agricultural
  universities of the state of Karnataka for taking
  up the research programme.
• Special thanks also to the Directorate of
  Agriculture ,Govt. of Karnataka for taking up the
  research results to the farmers.

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THANK YOU