Renaissance North

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Renaissance North Mannerist Review
Extreme Renaissance
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What happened after the High Renaissance?
Time of crisis that gave rise to competing
tendencies (kind of like today) Originally
Mannerism was a negative term- used for
mid-16th century painters whose style was
artificial but now seen as a group of artists who
looked inward instead of at the natural world for
their vision
Rebel in Florence! Unreal light, disquieting
and creepy Figures are agitated yet rigid
Florentino, Descent From the Cross, 1521
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Distortions are scientifically based Showed
that inner views are skewed-there is no single
correct reality
Parmigianino, Self Portrait, 1524
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Influenced by Raphaels paintings His style
changed to elongated figures, very smooth- ideal
beauty does not copy nature Artificial
background- nothing is based on reality,
unearthly perfection
Parmgianino, The Madonna with the Long Neck, 1535
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First woman artist example since Greece!
First widely recognized celebrity woman artist
Sofonisba Anguissola, Portrait of the Artists
Sister Minerva, 1559
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Tintoretto, The Maundy (Christ Washing The Feet
of His Disciples), 1547
Jacobo Titntoretto, Venetian, 1518-94 Very
emotional, unreal light, sudden lights and
darks Michelangeloesque figures
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Correggio was seen as a Proto-Baroque
Artist Northern Italian but was influenced by
the Renaissance masters For him, spiritual and
physical ecstasy were one and the same Uses
Leonardos sfumato Beautiful sense of color
like the Venetians (Titian) Artist had no
immediate successors but his work was widely
appreciated unlike the mannerists
Correggio, Jupiter and Antiope, 1523
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The most important sculptor in Florence in the
latter half of the 16th c. Was untitled- the
artist just wanted to show three figures in
physical turmoil- critics gave it its name Not
really concerned with subject matter Purpose
was to solve a formal problem Looks like
choreography rather than pathos
Bologna, Rape of the Sabine Woman, 1583
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Not really a lot of new sculptor talent in the
later 16th c.- perhaps because of Michelangelo
Florentine goldsmith and sculptor Salt from the
sea, pepper from the land-shows Neptune and
mother earth Represents four seasons Skill is
impressive in such as small object Figures
similar to Parmigianino
Cellini, Saltcellar of Francis I 1539-43
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Palladio, Villa Rotunda, 1567-70
Mannerist architecture is hard to define
Palladio was 2nd only to Michelangelo during this
time period Thought that architecture should be
governed by reason and by certain universal rules
perfected during ancient times Believed in
cosmic significance of numerical
rations-practiced classicism Villa Rotunda is a
residence, shaped like a temple (he was convinced
that Roman buildings were also shaped like this)
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Palladio, S. Giorgio Maggiore, Venice, 1565
Made a classically integrated façade on a
basilican church Integrated a tall and a wide
temple design
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Spain

• Spain at this time was the dominant European
  power. The Hapsburg rule of Spain and Europe as
  well as the New World enabled Spain to support
  the most powerful military force in Europe and to
  use it very effectively in supporting the
  policies of the Church. Although not a Spaniard,
  Domenikos Theotokopoulos or El Greco depicted the
  Spanish heart and soul in his work.

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Domenikos Theotocopoulos (1541-1614), worked in
Venice Settled in Spain, but saw the great
works of the High Renaissance Counter
Reformation, which was intense in Spain effected
his emotional work Count Orgaz was a medieval
benefactor of the church Represented as a
contemporary event Top of painting- figures are
sweeping and flamelike
El Greco, Burial of Count Orgaz, 1586
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Color and texture rivals Titian Painting
fills an entire wall of a chapel Below the
painting is a box that looks like a coffin- meant
to show that action continues- unites the visual
world with the real world
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Master at portraiture Religious leaders were
seen as mystics and intellectuals at the same time
El Greco, Portrait of a Cardinal, 1600
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Renaissance North
This is the period of the re-configuration of
Europe. Burgundian Netherlands disappears and the
Holy Roman Empire, mostly Germany, expands
gaining new territories. Spain through a series
of carefully conceived marriages and successful
military campaigns became the dominant European
power. The power of the papacy was rapidly
diminishing and European monarchs were gradually
increasing their hegemony, both as independent
rulers and power brokers. This was the period of
the Reformation, a reaction to the excesses of
the Church. The period brought about the division
within Europe Protestant and Catholic. This
division also led to war and civil war within
these countries and without.
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More jubilant mood Light is extremely bold,
full of vibrant energy Color is rich and full
Knowledge of perspective came from Italy
Psychologically impacted by the Renaissance in
Italy
Grunewald, The Resurrection, 1510-15
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Renaissance North Italian ideas swept north
around 1500 Germany had two masters- Grunewald
and Durer Grunewald remained relatively
unknown Main work was The Isenheim Altarpiece
Seen as the most impressive crucifixion ever
painted Grief shown is very Medieval Jesus is
both human and monumental
Fig. 23-1 Matthias Grunewald, The
Crucifixion (closed), 1510
Crucifixion is taken out of its familiar
surroundings-in darkness yet bathed in bright
light- symbolic and realistic at the same time
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Fig. 23-1 Matthias Grunewald, The
Crucifixion (opened), 1510
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Fig 23-3 Lucas Cranach, Allegory of Law and Grace
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First artist to be fascinated with his own
image Christ-like pose- showing not conceit,
but how seriously Durer regarded his mission as
artistic reformer Invented a devise for
producing an image by mechanical means to
demonstrate the validity of perspective- first
step towards the principle of the camera
Durer, Self Portrait, 1500
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Albrecht Durer 1471-1528 Greatest printmaker
of his time Visited Italy and bought into the
Artist as Genius idea and the rational rules of
Renaissance art Subject of the Four Horsemen
suggests the work of Schoengauer, but figures are
Renaissance-based This is a woodcut, but the
medium has become as expressive as engraving
Durer, The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, 1497-8
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Fig 23-7Albrecht Durer The Fall of Man (Adam and
Eve)
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Fig 23-4 Albrecht Dürer Last Supper 1523
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Involving the Past to Alter the Future Albrecht
Altdorfer's The Battle of Issus shows the defeat
of Darius in 333 B.C. by Alexander the Great at
Arbela on the Issus River. Seen from a bird's eye
view, the battle takes place within a vast
panoramic landscape.
Very far from the classical ideal The tablet
tells us that this is about Alexanders defeat of
Darius but in a contemporary way- armor and town
are 16th century The sky raises the subject to
the cosmic level (like Grunewald) Human figure
is incidental
Altdorfer, The Battle of Issus, 1529
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23-11 Hans Holbein French Ambassadors 1533 (2311)
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Went to England and became court painter of
Henry VIII Immobile pose, air of
unaproachability Precisely rendered jewelry
and costume Molded British aristocracys taste
for decades
Holbein, Henry VIII, 1540
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Hans Holbein the Younger 1497-1543 Continued
the portrait tradition of Durer Lived in
Switzerland (German born) Memorable image of a
true Renaissance man
Holbein the Younger, Erasmus of Rotterdam, 1523
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Sir Thomas More 1527, Holbein
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In the Netherlands, there were less and less
commissions for religious paintings because of
the strictness of the atmosphere (counter
reformation) Landscape, still-life, and Genre
scenes became important Meat stall- a
completely secular picture- no interest in formal
arrangements-just heaps of meat (mmm!) Meant to
impress us with its detail (4X12)
Pieter Aertsen, The Meat Stall, 1551
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Fig. 23-20 Caterina van Hemessen a Netherlands
artist, she has caught herself at her work in
Self-Portrait
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Fig 23-23 Netherlandish Proverbs 1559 , Oil on
oak panel, 117 x 163 cm Staatliche Museen zu
Berlin - Gemaldegalerie, Berlin
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Bruegel the Elder, Peasant Wedding, c.1565
Crude, heavy people yet respected in Bruegels
view Limited modeling and flat colors, space is
in linear perspective-attention to detail makes
the event seem as important as a biblical scene-
maybe because peasant life is the ideal life for
him?
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Bruegel The Elder, The Return of the Hunters, 1565
Explored landscapes and peasant life- know
little about him. Very educated, a humanist,
never worked for the Church Visited Italy, but
was not impressed with the masters- returned with
landscape drawings instead This painting is a
descendant of Lindbourgs February- landscape is
more important than the people- rhythm of nature
is the subject matter
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Bruegal the Elder, Fall of Icarus
What is the philosophy behind this painting- What
is Bruegal trying to say?
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16th Century Architecture
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Chateau of Chambord, 1519
France had a hard time adopting classical
architecture- took a while for Gothic traditions
to change Based on Gothic design on the
outside, but its plan is much more geometric and
regular- more Italian
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Pierre Lescot, Square Court of the Louvre, 1546
Lescot was very influenced by Bramante and his
ideas This design is a blending of Italian and
French ideas -can you pick each influence out?
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Also a combination of the classicism of the
Italian tradition with the slenderness and
delicate nature of French Gothic
Jean Goujon, Fontaine Des Innocents, 1548-9
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23-26 JUAN DE HERRERA, Escorial (bird's-eye
view), near Madrid, Spain, ca. 15631584
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23-13 ROSSO FIORENTINO and FRANCESCO PRIMATICCIO,
ensemble of architecture, sculpture, and
painting, Gallery of King Francis I,
Fontainebleau, France, ca. 15301540.