INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION FOR SUSTAINABLE SPACE EXPLORATION Session 1 Lunar Exploration ESA Human Lunar Architecture Activities Scott Hovland, Head of Human Systems Unit ESA Directorate of Human Spaceflight, Microgravity and Exploration

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INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION FOR SUSTAINABLE SPACE
EXPLORATIONSession 1 Lunar Exploration ESA
Human Lunar Architecture Activities Scott
Hovland, Head of Human Systems UnitESA
Directorate of Human Spaceflight, Microgravity
and Exploration
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Introduction

• Preparation for Human Lunar Exploration
• International context and scenario
• European stakeholder consultations
• Internal studies using the ESTEC Concurrent
  Design Facility (CDF)
• Industrial studies
• Definition of European elements for lunar
  exploration

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The Human Spaceflight Vision GroupHSVG

• In 2003 the HSVG was formed by invitation to
  create a vision for European Human Spaceflight
  leading up to 2025
• The group comprised visionaries from eight
  European countries, supported by experts in the
  field of human spaceflight
• They were assembled from many different fields,
  including space- and non-space industry,
  communications, marketing, research, and academic
  institutes supported by ESA
• Their task was to analyse the global challenges
  that will affect the citizens of Europe during
  the present century, and to assess the needs and
  interests of the various stakeholders with regard
  to human spaceflight

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The Human Spaceflight Vision GroupHSVG

• The vision
• In 2025, Europe will begin to operate a
  permanently manned outpost on the Moon as part of
  a multi-decade, international exploration effort
  to serve humanity, thus increasing our knowledge
  and helping us to address the global challenges
  of the future.
• By pursuing this initiative, Europe will be able
  to achieve the following benefits
• To learn how to deal with the global economic and
  environmental challenges that will face Europe
  and the world in the 21st century
• To meet long-term goals, such as the fostering of
  European values and the creation of a
  knowledge-based, global society

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The Human Spaceflight Vision GroupHSVG
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HSV CDF Study

• In order to better understand the implications of
  such a vision, ESA performed a feasibility
  analysis in the ESTEC Concurrent Design Facility
• High priority study objectives
• Perform a sanity check of a self-sustained
  lunar base installation
• Determine the number of launches required
• Perform trade-off of propulsion system
  combinations
• Calculate ?V requirements for all transfers
• Determine need of structure assembly in Low Earth
  Orbit (LEO)
• Determine mission scenario and lunar base
  assembly strategy
• Determine the gross architecture and required
  infrastructure
• Identify technologies to be developed

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HSV CDF Study
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HSV CDF Study

• Use of Ariane 5 future evolution capability (27 t
  to LEO)
• 10 t cargo missions
• Double Ariane 5 launch
• Direct insertion in LTO and docking in LLO
• Cryo Lunar Orbit Injection (LOI) and descent
• 7.3 tons payload on the Moon
• 5 t cargo missions
• Single Ariane 5 launch
• Direct insertion in LTO
• Cryo LOI and descent
• 4.1 tons payload on the Moon
• Crew Missions
• 3 Ariane 5 Launches to LEO
• If no man-rated Ariane 5 Soyuz launch to LEO
• Docking and assembly in LEO
• Cryo all the way to Lunar surface, storable
  ascent return to Earth
• Direct re-entry

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Lunar Exploration StudyLES 1 CDF Study

• This is the first in a series of CDF studies to
  be performed on Lunar Exploration Architecture
  elements
• Study completed in December 2004
• A single architecture, which satisfied two
  objectives was studied
• To perform lunar mission(s) to demonstrate
  technologies and operations for future human Mars
  missions
• To perform sustainable lunar exploration, meaning
  building the capability for several short
  duration surface missions to any location on the
  Moon

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Lunar Exploration StudyLES 1 CDF Study

• Mars Preparation Missions
• Primary objectives
• Demonstrate long term habitation in relevant
  environment (surface excluded) (Habitation Module
  required in any architecture)
• Demonstrate end-to-end mission operations,in
  particular, surface operations (Moon landing
  required in any architecture)
• Secondary objectives
• Demonstrate technologies for the Habitation
  Module (in particular closed-loop life support)
• Demonstrate assembly operations in LEO
• Sustainable Lunar Exploration
• Primary objective
• To land several times in different surface
  locations maximising the EVA time on the surface
  within the programme time

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Lunar Exploration StudyLES 1 CDF Study

• Study defined an architecture with a habitable
  hub in LLO with several lunar landers attached
  allowing
• Long duration habitation demonstration in LLO HUB
• Excursion type missions to the lunar surface with
  up to 14 days surface duration
• Several trades were performed
• Launch strategies/trajectories
• Lunar Orbital HUB orbit LLO vs L1
• Propulsion technologies
• Available technologies vs. schedule
• Safety impacts
• Availability of Heavy Lift Launcher, etc
• Several Elements were sized and conceptually
  designed
• Lunar Orbital HUB
• Lunar Lander
• Propulsion Stages

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Lunar Exploration StudyLES 1 CDF Study

• Use of both Inflatable and conventional modules
  for habitation
• Support 2 LEVs docked
• Support Crew Transfer Vehicle (CTV not designed)
• HUB wet mass 55t
• Ariane 5 27 assumed

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Lunar Exploration StudyLES 1 CDF Study

• LEV wet mass 26 t
• Lunar Ascent Vehicle (LAV)
• Surface Habitation Module (SHM)
• Descent Module (DM)

Launch configuration for LEV (Lunar Excursion
Vehicle)
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Lunar Exploration Study LES 2 CDF Study

• Conceptual Design of a Lunar Cargo Transportation
  System
• Initiated May 2005
• Based on LES1 study architecture
• Transfer of cargo to Lunar Hub (LLO)
• Transfer of cargo to Lunar Surface Base (Pole)
• Cargo can be pressurised and unpressurised
• Baseline launcher Ariane 5 ES (20 t to LEO)
• Launch strategies/trajectories
• Via LEO
• Direct to LLO or surface
• European heritage
• ATV
• Technology

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Lunar Exploration Study LES 2 CDF Study

• Modular or dedicated vehicles
• Common carrier for HUB and surface servicing with
  exchange of prop modules (less development)
• Dedicated orbit logistics vehicle and dedicated
  surface logistics vehicle (more efficient and
  more flexibility)
• Use of capability for delivery of robotic
  precursor missions

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Lunar Exploration Study LES 3 CDF Study

• Study to start in June 2005
• Study elements currently being defined
• Surface Pressurised Rover
• In-Orbit Assembly Infrastructure
• Lunar Robotic Mission
• Lunar Surface Mobility/Gantry System
• In-Space Cryogenic Fuel Storage

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Lunar Exploration ArchitectureIndustry Study

• Under the ESA Exploration Preparation Programme a
  study will be performed on Lunar Exploration
  Architectures and address
• Reference scenarios for lunar exploration
• Differences and commonalities of exploration
  architectures
• Selected European contributions including the
  elaboration of
• high-level requirements
• development roadmaps
• technology requirements
• Risks associated with the development
• Programmatic and technical feasibility
• Cooperation scenarios
• High-level development plans
• Optional scenarios

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ISS Evolution for ExplorationIndustry Study

• Activities with industry to identify and develop
  ISS uses for exploration
• 3 main streams of activities
• ISS as test bed for exploration technologies and
  capabilities (e.g. long duration habitation,
  advanced life support, telemedicine, on orbit
  assembly, robotics, etc.)
• ISS for exploration research (long duration
  effects on humans, biological life support,
  advanced fluid and combustion physics, ISRU, etc)
• ISS as a possible spaceport for exploration
  (integration of exploration missions in orbit)
• More details in ESA presentation in splinter
  session 3