The World of Islam

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The World of Islam

• Chapter 6

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• STANDARD WHI.8a
• The student will demonstrate knowledge of Islamic
  civilization from about 600 to 1000 A.D. (C.E.)
  by
• describing the origin, beliefs, traditions,
  customs, and spread of Islam
• Origins of Islam
• Muhammad, the Prophet
• Mecca and Medina on the Arabian Peninsula
  Early Muslim cities
• Spread of Islam
• Across Asia and Africa, and into Spain
• Geographic extent of first Muslim empire
• Beliefs, traditions, and customs of Islam
• Monotheism (Allah, Arabic word for God)
• Quran (Koran) The word of God
• Five pillars of Islam
• Acceptance of Judeo-Christian prophets,
  including Moses and Jesus

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b) assessing the influence of geography on
Islamic economic, social, and political
development, including the impact of conquest and
trade Geographic influences on the origin and
spread of Islam Diffusion along trade routes
from Mecca and Medina Expansion despite great
distances, desert environments, and mountain
barriers Spread into the Fertile Crescent,
Iran, and Central Asia, facilitated by weak
Byzantine and Persian empires Geographic
influences on economic, social, and political
development Political unity of the first
Muslim empire was short-lived. Arabic language
spread with Islam and facilitated trade across
Islamic lands. Slavery was not based on race.
c) identifying historical turning points that
affected the spread and influence of Islamic
civilization, with emphasis on the Sunni-Shia
division, and the Battle of Tours Historical
turning points Death of Ali - Sunni-Shia
division Muslim conquest of Jerusalem and
Damascus Islamic capital moved to Baghdad
Muslim defeat at the Battle of Tours Fall of
Baghdad to the Mongols
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d) citing cultural and scientific contributions
and achievements of Islamic civilization. Cultura
l contributions and achievements Architecture
(Dome of the Rock) Mosaics Arabic alphabet
Universities Translation of ancient texts
into Arabic Scientific contributions and
achievements Arabic numerals (adapted from
India, including zero) Algebra Medicine
Expansion of geographic knowledge
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The Rise of Islam

• The Arabs
• Arose in the Arabian Peninsula and influenced
  Western Asia and beyond.
• They were a nomadic, Semitic-speaking people who
  lived in the arid climate of the Arabian
  Peninsula.
• The environment was harsh, they were organized
  into tribes and were led by a sheikh who was
  chosen from a council of elders. The tribes were
  independent, but worked together

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Early Religion -Most Early Arabs were
polytheistic, many recognized a chief, or
supreme god who they called Allah which is
Arabic for God. -Allah was symbolized by a
sacred stone, each tribe had their own stone, but
there was one central stone called the Black
stone which was placed in the shrine called the
Kaaba. -This shrine was located in the city of
Makkah (Mecca) in what is now Saudi Arabia.
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Trade The Arabian Peninsula became an important
center for trade. The city of Mecca became rich
from the caravan trade traffic which passed
through the area. The domestication of the
camel enabled traffic to cross the deserts and as
empires grew up in the region trade increased
greatly. As the merchants became rich from the
Caravan traffic the life of the poor people of
the area suffered.
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The Life of Muhammad

• Muhammad was born in Makkah in present-day Saudi
  Arabia to a merchant family. His parents died
  when he was young and he ended up living with his
  uncle who was a merchant and he became a caravan
  manager.

Muhammad in Arabic Calligraphy
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• Muhammad married an older widow named Khadija.
• Over time, he found the richness and corruption
  of the merchants and townspeople to be troubling.
  
• He decided to visit the hills to meditate.
  Muslims believe that while he was meditating in
  the hills he received revelations from God
  through the Angel Gabriel.

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Muhammads Revelation

• Muslims believe the Angel Gabriel told Muhammad
  to recite what he heard, it was believed that
  Allah had already revealed himself through Moses
  and Jesus, but now had a final revelation for
  man.
• This final revelation became the religion of
  Islam. Which means submission to the will of God.

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The Quran (Koran)

• The revelations to Muhammad were written down by
  scribes and became known as The Quran, which is
  the holy book of Islam.
• The Quran contains ethical
• guidelines and laws by which
• Muslims (followers of Islam)
• should live their lives.

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The Nature of The Quran

• The Quran is written in Arabic, which was the
  language of Muhammad.
• The Quran is considered to only be true when it
  is written in its original language. Translations
  are thought to lose the true meaning of the
  original words which are believed to be a direct
  revelation from God.
• The Muslim observance of Ramadan is to
  commemorate the recording of the holy text.

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After the Revelation

• After Muhammad received his revelation he went to
  his wife Khadija, she was his first convert to
  the new religion.
• He began to try to convert the people of Makkah
  to his message, but he was unsuccessful. After
  three years he was forced to go to the city of
  Yathrib, which later became Medina. This flight,
  or migration, is known as the Hijrah and marks
  the beginning of the Muslim calendar. This was in
  the year 622 CE.

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Acceptance in the city of the Prophet

• In Yathrib, renamed Medina (which means the city
  of the prophet) Muhammad was accepted and gained
  followers.
• One of the groups which converted to the new
  religion of Islam were the Bedouins who were
  desert Arabs. This new community became the
  first to practice the religion.
• After several years, Muhammad became both a
  spiritual and political leader, there was not an
  idea of the separation of church and state. He
  raised an army and conquered the city of Makkah.

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The Kaaba

• After Muhammad took the city of Makkah he
  cleansed the Kaaba of idols and dedicated it to
  Allah, who he taught was the one true God.
• All Muslims are encouraged to make a pilgrimage
  to Makkah known as the Hajj at least once in
  their life if they are physically and financially
  able.

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The Teachings of Muhammad

• Islam is Monotheistic, like Judaism and
  Christianity.
• Islam teaches a belief in an afterlife, those who
  hope to achieve this afterlife must submit to the
  will of Allah.
• Muslims do not believe the Muhammad was divine,
  they believe that he was a man.
• Islam is seen not just as a religion, but as a
  way of life.

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• Muslims believe that Islam was Gods final
  revelation for mankind. Muslims feel that in
  order to achieve salvation that they must obey
  the will of Allah, or God.
• In order to do this they must follow the five
  major principles of Islam known as the Five
  Pillars of Islam.

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The Five Pillars of Islam

• 1-Declaration of Faith
• Muslims must state that there is not God but
  Allah and Muhammad is his prophet.
• 2. Daily Prayer
• Muslims must pray five times a day facing the
  Kaaba in Mecca.
• Pre Dawn
• Noon
• Afternoon
• Sunset
• Evening

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Five Pillars Continued . . .

• 3. Charity
• Muslims are supposed to help others and donate
  part of their income to charity.
• 4. Fasting-Ramadan
• Muslims must fast from sunrise to sunset during
  the holy month of Ramadan which celebrates the
  recording of the Quran.

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Hajj

• 5. Pilgrimage Hajj
• The fifth pillar of Islam is the Hajj.
• Once in a lifetime, if they are physically and
  financially able , Muslims are to journey to
  Mecca (Makkah) in Saudi Arabia and perform the
  rituals of the Hajj.

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Islamic Law

• After the death of Muhammad there were further
  interpretations of his teachings. These are
  known as the Hadith. There are different
  versions of the Hadith for different branches of
  Islam.
• These teachings were further interpreted in the
  Shariah. This is a set of laws which regulate
  many aspects of Muslim life. It does not
  separate between church and state and covers
  family life, business, government, and moral
  conduct.
• Muslims are expected to practice honesty and
  justice in dealing with others and are forbidden
  to gamble, eat pork, drink alcohol, or engage in
  dishonest behavior.

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Facts about Islam
Minaret

• Quran (Koran)-Holy book of Islam
• Muslim- A follower of Islam
• Mosque- A Muslim House of Worship
• Minarets- The towers located on a Mosque from
  which the Muezzin calls the faithful to prayer.

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Section 2

• The Arab Empire and its Successors

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Creation of An Arab Empire

• After the death of Muhammad, unity was difficult
  to maintain.
• The friend and father-in-law of Muhammad, Abu
  Bakr, was chosen to be the first Caliph, or
  successor to Muhammad.
• Abu Bakr helped to unify the Muslim world and
  expanded in Arabia and beyond.
• Under the idea of jihad, or struggle in the way
  of God the early Muslims expanded their
  territory. The believed that defensive warfare
  was permitted by the Quran.

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Arab Rule

• The Arabs were now united and expanded their
  territory instead of fighting each other.
• They defeated the Byzantine army in 636 taking
  the province of Syria. By 642 they took Egypt and
  by 650 they controlled the Persian Empire

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After Abu Bakr died there was conflict over who
would be the next Caliph. The next two Caliphs
were both assassinated. After that Muhammads
son-in-law Ali was appointed Caliph, but five
years later he too was assassinated.
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Administration

• Muslims administrators were fairly tolerant of
  the people they defeated.
• Initially, both Christians and Jews were allowed
  to practice their religions, with some
  restrictions, because they were People of the
  Book who had written scriptures revealed to them
  by God before the time of Muhammad. Those who
  chose not to convert had to be loyal to the
  Muslim state and pay a special tax.

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The Umayyad Dynasty

• At the beginning of the eighth century Islam had
  expanded across northern Africa and had converted
  the Berbers (a pastoral people along the
  Mediterranean coast) to the faith.
• By 710 combined Berber and Arab forces crossed
  the Strait of Gibraltar into Spain and had taken
  most of the country by 725. In 732, however, the
  Muslim advance into Europe was halted at the
  Battle of Tours.

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• By 750 the Muslim advance came to an end. The
  southern and eastern Mediterranean and parts of
  the old Roman Empire were now Muslim territory.
• The Umayyad Dynasty was centered in Damascus, in
  modern-day Syria and was wealthy. This was also
  a very diverse empire as many different peoples
  had been conquered in new territory.
• The diversity helped lead to a split within the
  Islamic faith

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The Umayyad Empire
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A Split in Islam

• Many non-Arab Muslims resent the favoritism which
  the Umayyad Empire showed toward Arabs.
• The large empire was difficult to rule
  efficiently and there were financial problems as
  well.

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The Revolt of Hussein

• The grandson of Muhammad, Hussein, led a revolt
  against the Umayyad Empire in 680.
• His solders defected and he was killed by an
  overwhelming Umayyad force.
• This struggle led to a split within the faith of
  Islam between Sunni and Shia (Shiite) Muslims.

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Sunni vs. Shia (Shiite)

• Sunni Muslims supported the Umayyad Dynasty.
  They believe the Caliph does not need to be a
  direct descendant of Muhammad.
• Shia Muslims supported Hussein and believe that
  the Caliph should be a direct descendant of
  Muhammad through his son-in-law Ali and his
  grandson.

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Umayyad Architecture
Dome of the Rock
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The Abbasid Dynasty

• Amidst growing resentment toward the Umayyad
  Dynasty Abu al-Abbas, a descendent of Muhammads
  uncle, overthrew the Umayyad Dynasty in 750 and
  est. the Abbasid Dynasty.
• The Dynasty lasted until 1258 A.D.

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Abbasid Rule

• The Abbasids moved the capital of their empire to
  Baghdad.
• This move increased Persian influence and changed
  Abbasid culture.
• Under this dynasty the new heroes were judges,
  merchants, and government officials.
• This dynasty did not favor Arab rule and the
  empire became more culturally diverse.

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• Harun al-Rashid
• The greatest of the caliphs of the dynasty. This
  is called the golden age of the Abbasid Dynasty
  (Caliphate)
• He was known for his charity and was a great
  supporter of culture and the arts.
• His son continued the tradition and supported the
  study of astronomy and began to translate
  classical Greek works into Arabic.

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Trade

• Baghdad became a major crossroads for trade.
• This made the city very wealthy.
• This also helped spread products and knowledge
  from the Middle East to parts of Asia, Africa,
  and Europe.

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Government Administration

• The government of the Abbasids became more like a
  monarchy.
• The bureaucracy which assisted the Caliph became
  more complicated.
• In order to assist him the Caliph appointed a
  Vizier who was like a prime minister.
• This man was the chief advisor to the Caliph and
  would help him run the government.

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The Abbasid Dynasty
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Decline and Division

• There was great difficulty in the Abbasid Dynasty
  with imperial succession.
• There was also financial corruption.
• Caliphs began to recruit from non-Arab groups for
  government administration such as the Turks and
  the Persians.
• These groups came to dominate the political
  situation.

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• Rulers of provinces began to break away and
  establish independent kingdoms.
• Spain had an independent Caliphate at Cordoba
  which had been established in 750 by Umayyad
  rulers who fled the Abbasid Dynasty.
• Morocco became independent.
• The Fatimid dynasty was established in Egypt with
  the capital at Cairo in 973.

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Seljuk Turks and the Crusades

• As the Fatimid Dynasty in Egypt became more
  powerful they became the new center of the Muslim
  world.
• One group which came to power in this region were
  the Seljuk Turks.
• The Turks played a large role in the military and
  many rose through the ranks to gain a lot of
  political power.

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• The Turks were originally a nomadic people who
  converted to Islam and were great soldiers in the
  Abbasid caliphate.
• As the Abbasids weakened, the Turks became
  stronger moving into the areas of Iran and
  Armenia. They eventually took over many Abbasid
  territories.

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The Sultan

• The Turks were ruled by a Sultan, meaning holder
  of power.
• While the Abbasids were still a religious
  authority when the Turks captured Baghdad they
  were the military and political leaders of the
  state.
• The Turks in the second half of the 11th century
  kept putting pressure on the Byzantine Empire.
  In 1071 they defeated the Byzantine army at
  Manzikert and gained control of Asia Minor
  (Anatolian Peninsula)
• In desperation, the Byzantine Empire turned to
  the West for help. This led to a series of wars
  known as The Crusades.

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The Crusades

• The Byzantine Emperor Alexius I sent a letter to
  the Pope (Urban II) asking for help against the
  Turks.
• This led to a series of wars in 1096 known as The
  Crusades.
• At first the Crusaders were successful and took
  the city of Jerusalem.
• In 1187 the Muslim leader Saladin retook the
  city, leaving the Christians with only a small
  collection of land holdings in the Middle East.
• The Crusades had a lasting impact-breeding
  centuries of mistrust between the Muslim world
  and the Christian World.

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The Mongol Threat

• The Mongols were a pastoral, horse-riding people
  who swept out of the Gobi in the early 13th
  century to seize control over much of the known
  world.
• The were not Muslims and find it difficult to
  adapt to city life.
• The spread destruction across Asia into Muslim
  territory.
• The Invasion began with Genghis Khan and was
  continued under the leadership Kublia Khan and
  Hulegu.
• They seized Mesopotamia Persia and Mesopotamia
  destroying the city of Baghdad in 1258
• The Mongols made it as far as the Red Sea, but
  were unable to take Egypt.
• Over time the Mongol rulers converted to Islam
  and rebuilt the Muslim world.

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Section 3 Islamic Civilization
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Prosperity in the Islamic World

• The Muslim empires carried on extensive trade
  with China, the Byzantine Empire, India, and SE
  Asia.
• Trade was done by ship and by camel caravans
  which traveled from Morocco in to West to the
  countries beyond the Caspian Sea in Central Asia.
• Goods
• Sub Saharan Africa Gold and Slaves
• China Silk and Porcelain
• E. Africa Gold and Ivory
• SE Asia and India Sandalwood and Spices.
• Egypt Grain
• Iraq Linen, Dates, and Precious Stones
• W. India Textiles
• The development of banking helped to facilitate
  trade and eventually influenced European banking
  systems during the European Renaissance.

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The Role of Cities

• Flourishing trade led to wealthy and successful
  cities.
• Baghdad-Was known as the city of peace and was
  highly successful under the Abbasids
• Cairo Was part of the Fatimid Dynasty
• Cordoba Capital of Umayyad Spain
• Cities had Palaces for the Caliphs and mosques
  for worship.
• There were also public buildings with fountains,
  courtyards, public baths, and a bazaar.

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The Bazaar

• The covered market was a central part of each
  Muslim city.
• There were high standards for business and
  sanitation.
• It was a place where people could acquire both
  goods and services.

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Agriculture

• While cities were expanding a vast majority of
  the people still lived in the country and made
  their living in agriculture.
• Originally the land was owned by peasants, but
  was eventually bought by aristocrats and was
  worked by slave labor.

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Islamic Society

• Islam is considered more than just a religion, it
  is seen as a way of life that encompasses
  politics, economics, and social life.
• According to the Quran, all people were equal in
  the eyes of Allah, but in reality, the Muslim
  Empires did not follow this ideal. There was a
  well developed upper and lower class.
• Non-Muslims were not considered equal to Muslims
  and slavery was widespread (as in the rest of the
  ancient world). Slaves were usually non-Muslims
  because Islamic law made it illegal for one
  Muslim to enslave another.
• Slaves served in the military or served as
  domestic servants.
• Slaves could sometimes purchase their freedom and
  it was considered a good act to free ones slaves.

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The Role of Women

• Originally, the Quran granted women spiritual and
  social equality with men. Both men and women
  were to be friends and protectors of one another.
  
• Women could earn a living and own and inherit
  property. They played a prominent role in the
  rise of Islam.
• Men and Women had assigned social duties, but
  most societies in which Islam arose were male
  dominated

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• Women in these societies had to have a male
  guardian and parents arranged marriages for their
  children.
• Men could have up to four wives, but they had to
  pay a dowry (gift of money or property) to their
  wives families.
• Women did have the right to divorce and adultery
  was forbidden for both men and women.
• After the spread of Islam local traditions began
  to assert themselves and many of the rights that
  were initially given to women in Islam were
  replaced by older traditions which denied women
  equal rights. A similar thing happened to the
  rights of early Christian women once Christianity
  became merged with Roman influence.

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The Veil

• The veil worn by Muslim women is traditionally
  called the Hijab.
• The ideal of women wearing veils was common in
  many Middle Eastern cultures before the advent of
  Islam.
• In Ancient Mesopotamia a veil was a symbol of
  status, purity, and moral character.
• There is some controversy over this use of these
  veils today. There are different interpretations
  of this tradition in different parts of the
  Muslim world. In general, women and men are
  supposed to dress modestly, the degree of that
  modesty varies from region to region according to
  local custom and tradition.

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• In the Quran the Hijab has different meanings it
  can mean a curtain or partition dividing
  rooms--in other verses it is a sacred divide
  between the earth and holy, god and human, light
  and dark, and men and women.

The Hijab covers the head and Neck
The Chador covers the full body with a head scarf
underneath.
The covering that women wear varies from country
to country.
The Burka (Burqa) is a veil that completely
covers the face and body.
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Section 4 Culture of Islam
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Philosophy, Science, and History

• The Arab world was aware of Greek thought and had
  been in the process of translating and preserving
  these works for years. This becomes very
  important later on when this knowledge is
  rediscovered by Europe during The Renaissance.
• The knowledge of the Muslim world was preserved
  in Baghdad in a library known as the House of
  Wisdom.

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Preservation of Knowledge

• Muslim scholars helped to preserve the knowledge
  of Greece and Rome by translating works and
  making them available to other scholars.
• It is because of this that European scholars were
  able to rediscover the works of Aristotle and
  other Greek philosophers.
• In the twelfth century these works were
  translated into Latin .
• The discovery of paper-making technology from
  China made this much easier.

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Islamic Advancements

• Muslims scholars not only preserved works of
  Greek philosophy, they also interpreted the works
  and wrote extensive commentary on them.
• The Muslim philosopher Ibn-Rushd wrote on nearly
  all of Aristotles works.

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Math and Science

• Muslim scholars adopted and passed on the
  numerical system of India, and the use of zero.
  These numbers came to be known in the west as
  Arabic numbers.
• A ninth-century Arab mathematician also developed
  algebra.

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Astrolabe

• Muslims also studied astronomy which led to the
  development of the Astrolabe. This instrument
  was used for naval navigation by observing the
  positions of the stars and other heavenly bodies.
• This invention made it possible for European
  sailors to sail to the Americas.

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Medicine

• The Muslims philosopher and scientist Ibn Sina
  wrote a medical encyclopedia which explained
  contagious diseases.
• This became the foundation for later European
  medical advancements.

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History

• The Muslims historian Ibn-Khaldun lived in the
  14th century.
• This book, Introduction to History proposed a
  cyclical view of history with the rise and fall
  of civilizations.

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Literature

• Many Muslims consider the Quran to be the
  greatest work of Muslim literature, but there was
  a strong oral tradition prior to the Quran which
  continued to have influence.
• The poet Omar Khayyam. He was a twelfth century
  Persian poet, mathematician, and astronomer.
• The wrote about many different themes and his
  poems were recorded by his friends after his
  death.

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The 1001 Nights/Arabian Nights

• Probably the most famous piece of Muslim
  literature is the 1001 Nights or Arabian Nights.
• This is a collection of stories based around a
  central theme.
• The Sultan king of Baghdad wishes to kill his
  wife on their wedding night. The princess
  Scheherazade tells him stories each night to
  prevent her death, eventually winning him over.
• The tales include the familiar stories of Aladdin
  and Ali Baba and the forty thieves.

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Art and Architecture

• Islamic art is a blend of Arab, Turkish, and
  Persian traditions.
• Islamic art and architecture is guided by the
  Quran which forbids of representation of living
  beings. So mosques and palaces are decorated
  with floral motifs and geometric patterns (known
  as arabesque) and Arabic script.

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The Great Mosque at Samarra
In present-day Iraq, it was the largest mosque at
the time. It covered 10 acres. Most famous
section is the minaret, or tower, it is from this
tower that the Muezzin, or crier calls the
faithful to prayer five times a day.
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Great Mosque of Cordoba, Spain

• Ninth-century mosque in southern Spain. Its
  hundreds of columns support horseshoe arches and
  make it seem like a forest of trees.

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Arabesque and Calligraphy

• Since depictions of living things are forbidden
  many Mosques are decorated with Arabesque and
  Arabic Calligraphy.

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