The Civil War

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THE UNITED STATES CIVIL WAR
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The Election of 1860

• Southern Democrats John C. Breckinridge
  (supported the aggressive expansion of slavery).
• Northern Democrats Stephen Douglas (supported
  popular sovereignty).
• Republicans Abraham Lincoln (containment of
  slavery no more expansion).
• Lincoln won without a single electoral vote in
  the South (39 of the vote).
• The South was outraged that a President can be
  elected without a single southern vote.

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Lincoln was able to win the election of 1860
largely because...
iRespond Question
Multiple Choice
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80BB97F4-E883-7A41-8F1E-0BBC75C7D188
A.) most Americans had become abolitionists.
B.) free blacks in the North gave him their
support.
C.) the Democratic Party had split in two.
D.) Douglas threw his support behind Lincoln.
E.)
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Secession!

• Secessionists argued that, since the states
  voluntarily joined the Union, they could also
  choose to leave it.
• On December 20, 1860, South Carolina officially
  seceded.
• In the next weeks, six other states joined them.
• The seven states formed the Confederate States of
  America.
• Montgomery, Alabama was chosen as the capitol.
• Jefferson Davis was elected President.

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Lincoln's election led many Southerners to
believe that...
iRespond Question
Multiple Choice
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A2543C00-2626-3749-8D59-8B26009CDFFB
A.) the South controlled the nation's government.
B.) slavery was evil and should be eliminated.
C.) compromise between the North and South was
possible.
D.) the South must secede from the Union.
E.)
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James Buchanan

• Lincoln was elected in November of 1860
• But did not take office until March of 1861
• James Buchanana Democratwas still in office
  when South Carolina left the union.
• He claimed that the Federal government HAD NO
  AUTHORITY to stop the SC secession
• And did NOTHING when they did.
• His inaction encouraged SEVEN MORE STATES to
  leave the union
• Before Abraham Lincoln was able to take office.

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Fort Sumter, Charleston S.C.

• Ft. Sumter sits in the middle of CHARLESTON
  HARBOR
• In South Carolina.
• When SC seceded, the US Army was ordered to
  surrender the fort immediately
• The Army REFUSED
• And on April 12, 1860
• The South Carolina militia OPENED FIRE
• The fort was shelled for 24 hours
• And the US Army surrendered.
• These are the FIRST SHOTS of the Civil War.

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Effects of Fort Sumter

• Before Fort Sumter, most people thought the
  conflict would be resolved through COMPROMISE.
• However, the actions of South Carolina showed
  that COMPROMISE would not be possible.
• President Lincoln responded by calling for
  volunteers to the US Army
• The Confederates saw this as an action of war
  against them
• And four more (upper South) states left the Union
  and joined the Confederate States.

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The PRIMARY effect of the Confederate Army's
attack on Ft. Sumter was...
iRespond Question
Multiple Choice
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F707525C-0CDD-7A42-AD11-1FD40A786760
A.) the start of the Civil War.
B.) another compromise between North and South.
C.) the Dred Scott decision.
D.) the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
E.)
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The Confederate States of America

• President Jefferson Davis.
• Capitol Montgomery, Alabama later Richmond
  Virginia
• Upper-South States Virginia, North Carolina,
  Tennessee Arkansas.
• Deep South States Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi,
  Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina Florida.
• National Anthem Dixie.

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The Confederate States of America
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Strengths and Weaknesses

• Union
• Had double the amount of railroad track.
• Had twice as many factories (guns, shoes, etc.)
• Had an economy balanced between farming and
  industry.
• Had a functioning government.
• Had an established army and navy.
• Had 2/3 of the US population.

• Confederacy
• Seven of the nations eight military colleges
  were in the South (most officers join the
  Confederacy).
• The South did not need to invade, just defend.
• The South was defending its home, way of life,
  honor, etc.
• Southerners were better outdoorsmen, hunters,
  horsemen.

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Which of the following was the North's greatest
ADVANTAGE in the Civil War?
iRespond Question
Multiple Choice
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52559594-DE8B-5545-8D96-6F6E828D151F
A.) the fact that it was fighting a defensive war.
B.) the performance of its brilliant military
leadership.
C.) the fact that most of the US' industry was in
the North.
E.)
D.) the value of its huge cotton crop.
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MAJOR FIGURESof the US Civil War
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Ulysses S. Grant

• Originally in charge of Union efforts in the
  West
• First Union general to recognize the huge
  advantage in numbers held by the North.
• And often won battles by throwing thousands of
  men directly into the teeth of Confederate
  gunfire
• Given command of all Union forces by Abraham
  Lincoln in 1864.
• Later elected President of the United States.

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Robert E. Lee

• Was a West Point graduate, born in Virginia to an
  old military family.
• Opposed slavery and secession, but could not
  fight against his home.
• Offered command of Union forces by Abraham
  Lincoln refused.
• Given command of the Confederate Army in 1862.
• Universally admired for his skill as a general
• Often won battles in which he was hugely
  outnumbered.

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Abraham Lincoln

• Elected President of the United States in 1860.
• Very moderate on the slavery issue (wished only
  to prevent its spread).
• Election caused southern secession
• Very unpopular as a President
• Almost beaten in the election of 1864
• Assassinated in 1865.

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Jefferson Davis

• US Representative from Mississippi, prior to the
  Civil War.
• Ardent supporter of slavery and states rights.
• Elected CSA President in 1860.
• Prolonged the Civil War by refusing to give up
• Imprisoned for two years after the end of the
  war later pardoned and set free.

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Stonewall Jackson

• Born Thomas Jackson
• Gets nickname in the first battle of Bull Run.
• Robert E. Lees right arm.
• Responsible for many important Confederate
  victories.
• Considered one of the most gifted tacticians in
  US History.
• Killed by friendly fire in the Battle of
  Chancellorsville.
• His death was a huge blow to the Confederacy,
  morally and strategically.

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William Tecumseh Sherman

• Major General in the Union Army.
• Invaded Georgia three separate times
• Broke the Souths spirit by burning Atlanta
• Capturing Savannah
• And conducting what he called total war.

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Confederate War Strategy

1. Fall back and play defense
2. Convince Great Britain to enter the war on its
   side
3. Try to kill so many Union soldiers that the North
   loses its will to continue fighting
4. Force Lincoln to seek a peace agreement.

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The South planned to win the war by...
iRespond Question
Multiple Choice
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28D4121B-7267-E444-BB0C-C70AAFCB351D
A.) ending slavery on its own.
B.) using its industrial advantage to crush the
North.
C.) wearing down the Union army.
D.) capturing Lincoln and his advisors.
E.)
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Union Military Strategy

• BLOCKADE the Southern coastline to prevent the
  South from selling cotton to Europe
• Take control of the Mississippi River to prevent
  Southern access to the Gulf of Mexico
• Wage total war by destroying the Souths
  agriculture and livestock.
• This strategy, called the ANACONDA PLAN, was
  designed to destroy the Souths ability to make
  war.

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The 1st Battle of Bull Run

• Union leaders identified MANASSAS, Virginia as
  their first military target
• However, the Union Army was so POORLY TRAINED
  that it took them four days to march the 25 miles
  from DC to Manassas.
• During which time, the Confederates were able to
  call in reinforcements.
• By the time they met on the battle field, the two
  armies were of EQUAL SIZE.

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Disaster at Manassas

• About 35,000 soldiers clashed at Manassas
• And early in the battle, the Union Army forced
  the Confederates to fall back
• When a Confederate General shouted
• There is Jackson, standing like a stone wall.
  Rally around the Virginian!
• Jackson then led a counterattack that forced a
  disorganized retreat
• In which hundreds of Union soldiers threw down
  their rifles and ran away.

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The 1st Battle of Bull Run resulted in...
iRespond Question
Multiple Choice
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75A6624D-AE4F-1D43-999A-117B8C0F5A3B
A.) a major victory for the Union Army.
B.) an attack on Washington, D.C. by the
Confederate Army.
C.) the realization that the Union Army was
poorly trained.
D.) the death of General Stonewall Jackson.
E.)
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Southern Victories

• In the early stages of the war, the Confederates
  won EVERY MAJOR BATTLE
• The Confederate Army begins to seem UNBEATABLE
• And Confederate General Robert E. Lee begins to
  think the Union will soon seek a peace agreement.
• In order to further break the Unions will to
  continue fighting
• Lee developed plans to INVADE the north.

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The Battle of Antietam

• General Lee hoped two things would result from
  his invasion of the North
• Great Britain would declare its support for the
  Confederacy and
• Abraham Lincoln would be forced to seek a peace
  deal.
• Confederate forces entered Union territory in
  western Maryland
• And the resulting battle killed 26,000 men
• In the single bloodiest day in US history.
• Although the Union once again failed to score a
  victory
• Lees reputation for INVINCIBILITY was shaken.

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The Emancipation Proclamation

• As General Lee retreated from Antietam, Lincoln
  issued the Emancipation Proclamation.
• It freed the slaves in all areas of rebellion
  (i.e., areas not under Lincolns control)
• Although the Proclamation did not free a SINGLE
  SLAVE
• It changed the definition of the war
• Made it a war to END SLAVERY
• And eliminated ANY chance that Great Britain
  would enter on the side of the Confederacy.

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As a result of the Emancipation Proclamation...
iRespond Question
Multiple Choice
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5A8298C7-F4A3-4841-8E98-D9FE15168A27
A.) the conflict was redefined as a war to end
slavery.
B.) European nations gave support to the
Confederacy.
C.) four more states seceded from the Union.
D.) slaves were allowed to fight in the
Confederate Army.
E.)