???????storage and transportation

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???????storage and transportation

• ??(storage)???(transportation)????????,?????????to
  prevent fire, explosion and leak??,??,????????
• ??storage tank???????geometry (a) ??spherical
  (b) ?????horizontal (c) ?????vertical?
• ?????????stored material (a) ?????high pressure
  liquefied gas (b) ?????? (?????????) (c)
  ?????????????liquefied gas under normal pressure
  (d) ????high pressure gas (e) ??liquid(???
  ??????)?
• ?? ??gasoline,?????liquefied petroleum
  gas????????????????,???????????,??????

2
????????????(Preventive principles of storage)

• ??????????????follow the standards
• ?????,????????????safety consideration in layout
• ???????????????????keep proper distance
• ????????????separate storage from process
• ????????????,????????????????operation and
  maintenance by management system
• ??????supplier???obligation to help downstream
  users?????????????

3
???????(engineering design of storage)

• ?????spill dike,????isolation,????safety
  distance,??????
• ??????(electrical hazard classification) 0,1,2
  ??three category,????????????????????
• ???????????classification?2 major storage
  zone
• ???????1 spill dike zone
• ???,?????????seal,???,?????????1
• ? ?????capacity,???????equal to storage capacity
  ??????,?????????????????????? ??????

4
??????(safety distance)
???????(factors to consider) ?
????????????heat released from burning leak
liquid ??????,?????radiation??? ?
?????????effect from burning of leak vapor ?
????????,??????whether protection from water
(mist) curtain to separate fire source ?
?????fire wall???????????
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CEP, vol 98 (12), p.55, 2002
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???????storage tank or container

• ?????????
• ????(floating top)???????? ??fixed
  roof??????????floating plate,??????
• ????pressure vessel????above?15
  psig??,????????below 15 psig low pressure
  storage tank
• ????spherical???advantages (a)
  ??????????,?????area/volume small, less radiation
  loss (b) ???????simple geometry

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• ???????????highest temperature allowed (a)
  ?????????strength of metal at high temperature
  (b) ????????????rate of temperature rise in case
  of fire (c) ???????????be aware of insulation
  design,????water spray system,????????heat
  absorption for boiling,???????
• ?????????lowest temperature (a) ???????material
  brittle
• ???????????double wall design,??????????filled
  with insulating material
• ??????common materials ??,??,???,????carbon
  steel, SS, Al alloy, etc.

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Phase diagram of water
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????????storage of gas and liquid

• ??classification
• -- ??????????critical temperature lower than RT,
  ???, ?????? ?????????boil upon leaking,
  ??????????cold burn ??/????
• -- ????????higher than RT,???, LPG, ????????no
  need to cool it, ????flash upon leak, adiabatic
  flash fraction
• -- ???????critical and boiling temperature higher
  than RT?????, ????????, ???spill dike
• -- ????high temperature liquid ???????burn,
  ?????/??

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Loss of Containment for Liquefied Gases

• ??????statistics potential failure
  6.9x10-4/vessel-year catastrophic failure 1.0
  x10-5/vessel-year
• ??reasons ????fatigue/??corrosion/??defect/??othe
  rs(???creep?????)/????unknown
• ?????occasion ???wrong spec/???material
  selection/??design/??manufacture/??testing/??pilot
  run/??operation (????????) ??????regular
  inspection and maintenance

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??,??????(Lines, valves and auxiliaries)

• ?????????exhaust pipe????????,??????,???????,?????
  ?flame arrestor (????) ?????????,??????/????
  ?????????????
• ????over-pressure????(???breathing valve)
  ?????????
• ?????????(weak top design),????????
• ???? ????pump,?????,???evaporator?
• ?????????,???????,???????
• ?????????connecting by welding,????????flange
  ???????????(?????),or wedge gate valve

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????fire preventing facility

• ?????? ?????? (N2)nitrogen filling
• ??? ???????10????endure 10 min by ordinary
  pipes
• ????,??????????fixed or movable,??,??,????????????
  10 l/m2-min????, ?????4.5 l/m2-min,???????????????
  ?????????,???????
• ??????automatic or manual,????????,??????
• ?????????insulating material,????????????endure 2
  hours of fire
• ?????????????emergency shut-off
• ??????(alarm)????T,??P??????level)???????

13
???loading

• ????????potential hazard (a) ???????????dangerous
  material (b) ??leak (c) ???????????accident
  during loading
• ???????????separate from process
  region,????(????)???
• ????????aware of electrical hazard
  classification
• ?????sufficient space,?????????
• ??????interlock system,?????????? (???????)
• ?????????????clear signs,????
• ????static electricity??? (???? ????????)
• ??????,??????????????? (??????????)special purpose

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???????(loading and storehouse)

• ??????vapor recovery system,??????,??????avoid
  loss, pollution
• ?????????????fire resistant ability of truck
• ???storehouse??????fire prevention
• ??????structure
• ????????detection and alarm system
• ????fire fighting system
• ????operation procedure ????????,?????????

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??????????
(1) ???????????7 l/min.m2???????? (2)
?????????????6????? (3) ????????????????????????,?
???2 l/min.m2? (4) ?????????,??????(water deluge
system)??,?????? (5) ????????????????????????? (6)
???????????????????????? (7) ?????????????????
  (8) ??????????????,?????????
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???????safe transportation
?????????reasons for accidents
(1)??????????????car on fire or corrosion
(2)????????? (????traffic accident).???????????
(3)??????operation error,??????????????????non-co
mpatible between chemicals (4)????????????????,?
??????????????????????? ? ????means of
transportation ????highway,????railway,????pipes,
????waterway,????sea,????plane
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????????
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91.10.8 ??? ???? vinyl chloride for PVC
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Hazard of VCM

• ????From MSDS
• vinyl chloride monomer C2H3Cl?????carcinogen
• ?????????, ???? ??? -13.4 oC
• ????, 3???????, ????????, ????, ??????,
  ????????, ???????HCl, ???????
• ???? ??, ????, ???, ????, ??, ??, ????, ????,
  ???
• ??C????require class C protection cloth
• ?????????CO2 or dry powder fire extinguisher

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?????????? (road transportation plan of
dangerous materials)

• ???????????toxic and dangerous material???,???????
  ??plan in advance and approved,?????
• ???plan contents???? (a) ??????car info. (b)
  ??????dangerous material info. (???,??,????,???,??
  ?????) (c) ??????response in case of accident
  (d) ?????,?????route, time
• ?????????,??????????name of driver,????licence
  plate number???
• ??????????,????????? sextuplicate delivery
  manifest,??????carry with car?

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?????package and labeling

• ??????????necessary general education,??????
• ???????????????transportation by land
• (1)??????????chemical package and sign
• (2)??????????
• (3)????????label and document?

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??????????safe design of gas tank car

• ????????,??????higher standard than oil tank car
• ?????????two safety valves,????????emergency
  shut-off valve ??? (excess flow valve
  ???????????)

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• ???
• ???
• ??????? (????)
• ???????
• ?????
• ?????
• ?????
• ?????
• ???
• ???
• ???????
• ???
• ???

14, 15 ??? 16. ????? 17. ???
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??????????(keep to SOP),????