Chapter 16 Citizenship and the Law

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Chapter 16Citizenship and the Law

• Section 1 Crime in the United States
• Section 2 The Criminal Justice System
• Section 3 Juvenile Crime

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Section 1 Crime in the United States

• The Main Idea
• When a person breaks a law, it is called a crime.
  There are several types of crimes and a variety
  of reasons why people commit crimes.
• Reading Focus
• What are five different types of crime?
• What are four possible causes of crime?
• How do we fight crime in the United States?

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Crimes against persons
Section 1 Crime in the United States

• Violent crimeshomicide, hate crimes, aggravated
  assault, or forcible rape

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Crime against property
Section 1 Crime in the United States

• The majority of crimes
• Involves stealing or destroying propertypetty
  larceny, grand larceny, vandalism, or arson
• Robbery involves property and persons.

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Different types of crime
Section 1 Crime in the United States

• Homicide, aggravated assault, forcible rape,
  larceny, vandalism, arson, robbery
• Hate crimesviolent crimes committed because of
  prejudice
• Victimlessgambling and sale, possession, and use
  of illegal drugs
• White collarcommitted by people in their work
  stealing, embezzlement, and fraud
• Organizeda crime syndicate of career criminals
  provides illegal goods and services uses
  violence as a tool

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Hate Crimes 0249
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Causes of crime
Section 1 Crime in the United States

• Poverty
• Illegal drug use
• Permissive society
• Urbanization

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Fighting crime
Section 1 Crime in the United States

• 1994National crime bill includes tougher
  sentences and grants for police officers and new
  jails.
• Crime prevention education is taught in some
  schools.

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SECTION 1
Question What are the different types of crime?
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Section 2 The Criminal Justice System

• The Main Idea
• Police officers arrest people believed to be
  breaking the law. An accused person must be
  tried and, if found guilty, punished.
• Reading Focus
• What is the role of police officers in the
  criminal justice system?
• What is the function of the courts after a
  suspect has been arrested?
• How does our corrections system punish
  lawbreakers?

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Police Officers
Section 2 The Criminal Justice System

• Protect life and property, prevent crime, and
  arrest violators
• Protect individual rights, maintain peace, and
  control traffic
• Act as peacemakers, advisers, protectors, and
  community members

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Police Officers (continued)
Section 2 The Criminal Justice System

• Education, background check, aptitude tests,
  physical and psychological exams are required.
• Academies teach law, community relations,
  gathering evidence, arrest procedures, records
  keeping, first aid, weapon use, and other
  physical skills.

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After a suspect is arrested
Section 2 The Criminal Justice System

• Suspect is entitled to due process before
  questioning.
• Preliminary hearingevidence evaluated and
  charges dropped or trial is set bail set
• Indictmenta formal charge is made
• Arraignmentsuspect makes a plea before a judge
• Trialdefendant is presumed innocent a judge
  presides and a jury deliberates the case
  presented by the prosecution and the defense
• Sentencingjudge decides the punishment some
  states have mandatory sentences for certain crimes

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Consequences 0114
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Punishing lawbreakers
Section 2 The Criminal Justice System

• Fines
• Imprisonment (People hold different views of its
  purpose retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation,
  or social protection.)
• Parole (Early release based on good behavior
  overcrowding has forced paroles.)
• Capital punishment (Opponents believe it violates
  the Eighth Amendment it remains controversial.)

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SECTION 2
Question What happens after a suspect is
arrested?
Suspect is booked
Preliminary hearing
Suspect is arrested
Sentenced
Trial
Indictment
Arraignment
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Section 3 Juvenile Crime

• The Main Idea
• Most states prefer to handle juvenile, or young,
  criminals differently than adult criminals, but
  for some crimes this practice is changing.
• Reading Focus
• What is juvenile crime?
• What are some possible causes of juvenile crime?
• How does the judicial system handle juveniles who
  break the law?
• What are some ways to avoid trouble with the law?

Juvenile Court 0222
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Possible causes of juvenile crime
Section 3 Juvenile Crime

• Poor home conditions
• Poor neighborhood conditions
• Gang membership
• Dropping out of school and unemployment
• Alcohol and drugs
• Peer pressure

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Juvenile Rights 0320
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The judicial system has changed the way it
handles juveniles
Section 3 Juvenile Crime

• Prior to late 1800sJuveniles at least seven
  years old were tried in adult courts and
  sentenced to prison or death.
• 1870sReformers argued juveniles required special
  understanding.
• Juvenile court system was set up to re-educate
  offenders.

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The judicial system has changed the way it
handles juveniles (continued)
Section 3 Juvenile Crime

• Hearings determine guilt or innocence of juvenile
  offenders.
• 1967Supreme Court granted juveniles the right of
  due process.
• Juveniles do not have the right to a jury trial.

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Juvenile Detention Center 0106
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Juveniles charged and found guilty
Section 3 Juvenile Crime

• may be placed in a foster home.
• may be sent to a corrections facility like a
  training school.
• may be given probation.
• may be sent to a boot camp.

Juveniles charged with felonies are often tried
in adult courts and punished accordingly.
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SECTION 3
Question What happens when juveniles are charged
and found guilty of breaking the law?
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Chapter 16 Wrap-Up
1. Identify and describe specific examples of
five categories of crime. 2. What are some causes
of crime? 3. What steps does a criminal suspect
go through from the time of arrest to the time of
sentencing? 4. What are the punishments that a
convicted criminal faces? 5. What are the
possible causes of juvenile delinquency? 6. What
may a judge do if he or she finds a juvenile
guilty of a crime?