Therefore phosphate is required for the fermentation

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Glycolysis

• Associate professor Shi-Jie Liu, Ph D.
• Department of clinical pharmacology, Xinqiao
  hospital, TMMU.

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Overview of glycolysis

• Material Glucose,Fructose
• Productions two ATP, two NADH, two pyruvate
• Roles to produce energy and intermediates for
  biosynthetic pathway
• Location almost very living cells, cytoplasm
• Glycolysis do not require oxygen.

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History of glycolysis
1. Buchner (1897) Found by accident that yeast
extracts could convert sucrose to ethanol.This
experiment proved fermentation could occur
outside living cells. 2. William Young (1905)-
Discovered that the rate of fermentation
decreased without the addition of phosphate (Pi).
Therefore phosphate is required for the
fermentation process. Young also discovered two
factors, which were required for fermentation.
Zymase heat labile nondialyzable fraction.
Enzymes needed for glycolysis. Cozymase
heat stable, dialyzable fraction. Coenzymes
needed for glycolysis (i.e. ATP, ADP, metalions,
NAD). 3. By 1940 all of the reactions of the
glycolysis pathway were known from the research
of Embden, Meyerhof, Parnas and Warburg.
Glycolysis is sometimes known as the
Embden-Meyerhof pathway in the older textbooks.
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Free energy of formation the energy released
when the compound is formed from its constituent
elements. It is a bond energy. By the way, it is
released from compound when bonds are broken. It
is defined at 298K, 1M aqueous solution,1 atm
press. Standard free energy of formation to
form 1 mol, Gf(J/mol) ?G Gf
Proudcts-GfReactions
Glucose 2Pi
2 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate 2H2O ?G
59.8kJ/mol ATP H2O ADP Pi ?G -30.5
kJ/mol Glucose 2ATP
2 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate 2ADP
?G59.82(-30.5) 1.2kJ/mol Thus,two ATP are
invested into stage 1
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  Glucose Pi
?G ?G kJ/mol Glucose-6-phosphate H2O
  13.8 -14.6   ATP H2O ADP Pi
          -30. 5 -19.4 Glucose
ATP ADP Glucose-6-phosphate   
-16.7 -33.3
Glucose -6-phosphate Fructose-6-phosphate
1.7 -2.5
Fructose-6-phosphate Pi
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate H2O 16.3 -2.8
ATP H2O ADP Pi
-30.5 -19.4  Glucose
-6-phosphateATP Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
ADP -12.5 -24.7
  Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate Glyceraldehyde-3-ph
osphate Dihydroxyacetone
23.8 -1.3   Dihydroxyacetone
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate 7.5
2.5  Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate 2
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate 31.3 1.2
?G?G RTlnB/A R8.31 J/mole. K TKelvin
temperature
Glucose 2ATP
?G ?G kJ/mol 2 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
2ADP 2.1 -56.8
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• Oxidation-reduction reaction
  ?Gº ?G(KJ/mol)
• Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatePi1,3-Bisphosphoglycer
  ateH2e -53.7 ?
• NAD2e H NADHH
  
  60.0
• Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphateNADPi
• 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate NADHH
  
  6.7 -1.7

NADH NAD 2 e- 2H
DGº -60 kJ/mol 2e- 2H (1/2) O2
H2O DGº
-156 kJ/mol Total Reaction NADH (1/2) O2 H2O
NADDGº -210 kJ/mol This energy produce 3 ATP
in mitochondrial.
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1mol Glucose2NAD ?2mol pyruvate 2NADH 2H2O
?G-95.5kJ/mol? 2ATP ?G-61kJ/mol, 2NADH
?G-120 kJ/mol 2mol pyruvate ?6CO24H2O
?G-2766kJ/mol Glucose6O26CO2
6H2O ?G-2813.4kJ/mol
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The fates of Pyruvate

• In aerobic respiration
• PyruvateNADCoAacetylCoACO2NADH
• In anaerobic organism
• PyruvateNADHHlactateNAD
• ?G-25.1 kJ/mol
• In alcoholic fermentation
• Pyruvate HacetaldehydeCO2
• AcetadehydeNADHHethanolNAD

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Glucose2Pi2ADP2NAD2Pyruvate2ATP2NADH2H2H
2O ?G-35.5 kJ/mol,?G-96.7 kJ/mol 2Pyrurate
2NADH2H2NAD2lactate ?G-25.1
kJ/mol Glucose2Pi2ADP 2lactate 2ATP2H2H2O
?G-80.6 kJ/mol
Pasteur effectCells that can oxidize glucose
completely to CO2 and H2O use glucose more
rapidly in absence of O2 than in its presence.O2
seems to inhibit glucose consumption.
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Metabolism of fructose
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Metabolism of galactose
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