Space Handbook A War Fighter's Guide to Space Volume I

1
Space Handbook A War Fighter's Guide to Space
Volume I
SS 3011 SPACE TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS
WEEK10 History and Policy

• http//cryptome.org/sh/shall.htm

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Truman

• RD of 5000 NM ICBM
• V-2s from White Sands, Cape Canaveral Aircraft
  Carrier
• Ballistic Missile Program at Ft. Bliss, TX (moved
  to Huntsville, AL in 1950)
• Cruise Missile (Snark) vice ICBM until Atlas in
  1961

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Eisenhower

• Sputnik/Vanguard/Explorer
• NASA (1958)
• Missile Gap
• Open Skies
• US USSR H-Bomb
• U-2
• GRAB (ELINT)
• CORONA (IMINT)
• Transit (NAV)
• Courier (COMM)
• NRO (1960)
• ABM/ASAT Systems
• Missile Warning (NORAD)
• Space Surveillance (NAVSPASUR USAF)

4
Kennedy

• Classified Space Programs
• AF Primary DoD Agency (RD and Operations)
• Blue Gemini/MOL
• Orbital H-Bomb Threat
• Starfish Test (High-altitude, atmospheric H-bomb
  test)
• Test Ban Treaty
• First Men in Orbit
• Exploration (NASA)
• Manned
• Unmanned

5
Johnson

• Nuclear ASATS
• Soviet FOBS
• NASA Moon Project
• Outer Space Treaty

6
Nixon

• Soviet Co-orbital ASAT
• ABM Treaty
• SALT
• Liability Convention
• Convention on Registration
• MOL canceled
• Moon Landing
• Skylab
• Apollo/Soyuz Docking
• Space Shuttle

7
Ford

• Satellite Vulnerability Assessment
• DoD directed to redress satellite vulnerability
• DoD directed to develop operational ASAT study
  options for ASAT Arms Control

8
Carter

• Natl Space Policy
• Right of Self Defense
• Space as possible warfighting medium
• MHV ASAT
• Directed Energy Weapons
• Space Arms Control
• Environmental Modification Convention

9
Reagan

• Strategic Defense Initiative
• Reject Soviet Space Weapons Treaty (Soviet
  supplement to Outer Space Treaty)
• Congress limits ASAT
• Space Commands
• USAF 82
• USN 83
• US (w/USA) 85
• Shuttle - Primary launch

10
Bush

• National Space Council created VP, State, Treas,
  Def, Comm, Trans, Energy, OMB, DCI, NASA
• Goals Objectives
• Strategy to implement
• Monitor implementation
• Resolve specific issues
• Desert Storm - First Space War?

11
Clinton

• Natl Space Policy 1996
• DoD Space Policy 1999
• Intl Space Station
• Commercialization
• Cooperation of IC/DoD

12
Bush
Placeholder not actual photo
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Review of Treaties

• Limited Test Ban Treaty 1963
• Ban on Nuke test in Air/Space/Under Water
• Outer Space Treaty 1967
• U.N. Charter Applicable to Space
• ABM Treaty 1972
• US/USSR
• Ban Dev/Test/Deploy of Space-based ABM system

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Outer Space Treaty

• All Nations can explore space freely innocent
  passage
• No Nation can appropriate outer space or
  celestial bodies
• No weapons of mass destruction in space
• The moon and other celestial bodies are to be
  used exclusively for peaceful purposes
• States are responsible for governmental and
  private space activities

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Outer Space Treaty (Cont)

• States are liable for damage caused by its space
  objects
• States retain jurisdiction and control over their
  space objects
• States must conduct international consultations
  before proceeding with potentially harmful
  activities
• States must not contaminate outer space or the
  earth
• Facilities on the Moon are open for inspection

16
Antiballistic Missile Treaty

• Between US and USSR
• Prohibits development, testing deployment of
  space based ABM systems
• Allows limited space based sensors
• Prohibits interference with national technical
  means for verification

17
International Agreements

• Liability Convention - 1972
• Launch site absolutely liable
• Registration Convention - 1974
• Register orbital parameters general function of
  all launches
• Routinely evaded via misleading info
• Environmental Modification Convention - 1980
• Prohibits hostile use of environmental
  modification techniques

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Space Law

• International Law (Treaties, Agreements, Custom,
  Principles)
• If not specifically prohibited, then permitted
• Peaceful non-aggressive individual and
  collective self defense
• Only binding on signatories during peacetime
• Measurable/Verifiable/Enforcement
• Domestic Law (Legislation, Regulations, Court
  Decisions)

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Basic Principles of Space Law

• International law applies to outer space
• Space is free for use by all countries
• Space will be used for peaceful purposes
• Space objects must be registered with the UN

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Basic Principles of Space Law (Contd)

• A country retains jurisdiction over its space
  objects
• Nuclear weapons testing is prohibited in outer
  space
• Development, testing or deployment of space-based
  ABM systems is prohibited
• Interference with national technical means of
  verification is prohibited

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Domestic Law

• U S Law and Regulations
• Communications Act of 1934
• Government can take control of private
  communications assets
• Launch Commercialization Act of 1984
• Commercial customers can use DoD facilities on a
  cost reimbursable basis
• Budget and appropriations process

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International Telecommunications Union (ITU)

• Regulates all uses of frequency spectrum
• Assigns slots in geostationary orbit
• First Come First Served
• Use or lose 7 year limit from filing
• General principles and standards relating to
  international telecommunications services
• Federal Communications Commission
• Regulates interstate and foreign communications
  in the US

23
Legal Issues

• Global Broadcasting Service (GBS) Landing
  Rights?
• Targeting
• Future of ABM Treaty?

24
Space Policy

• Additional References
• http//ast.faa.gov/licensing/regulations/nsp-pdd8.
  htm
• http//www.fas.org/spp/military/docops/national/in
  dex.html

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1996 National Space Policy

• U.S. will pursue greater levels of partnership
  cooperation nationally and internationally to
  continue the use of space for peaceful purposes.

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1996 National Space Policy

• Five Goals of US space
• Enhance knowledge of earth and solar system
  through human and robotic exploration
• Strengthen and maintain national security
• Enhance economic competitiveness and science
  technology capabilities
• Encourage private sector investment
• Promote international cooperation

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1996 National Space Policy

• Peaceful allows defense and intelligence
  related activities
• U.S. rejects any claim to sovereignty by any
  nation over space or celestial bodies
• Space Systems are national property
• U.S. will maintain and coordinate separate
  National Security and Civil systems

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National Space PolicyMajor Guidelines

• Civil
• National Security
• Defense
• Intel
• Commercial
• Intersector

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Civil Space Sector Guidelines

• NASA is lead for civil RD
• Focus on
• Space Science
• Earth Observation
• Human Space Flight
• Space Tech Applications
• To enable this
• ISS
• Work with private sector on next generation RLS
• In-situ measure sample of celestial bodies
• Ident planets around other stars
• Long-term earth observation program
• Robotic presence on Mars by 2000

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Civil Space Sector Guidelines

• In conduct of this RD
• Ensure safety
• Reduce
• Acquire spacecraft from private sector
• Use private sector remote sensing
• Use competition peer review to select programs

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National Security Guidelines

• Overseen by SECDEF DCI
• Defense Intel closely coordinated
  Architectures integrated as feasible
• Support National Security
• Support inherent right of self-defense
• Deter, warn defend against attack
• Assure use of space
• Counter hostile space systems
• Enhance operations of U.S. and allies

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National Security Guidelines(Defense)

• Improve support to military ops
• DOD execute 4 mission areas
• Space Support
• Force Enhancement
• Space Control
• Force Application
• DoD as lead agency for ELVs
• Within treaties - ensure space control
• U.S. will pursue TMD and NMD (deployment
  readiness) programs

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National Security Guidelines(Intelligence)

• DCI ensure IC space support for Govt Policy,
  Military Ops, Diplomatic, IW, Treaty
  verification
• Continue to develop and apply advanced technology
• Work with DoD to support military operations
• Intel space activities are classified, but plan
  to release when appropriate
• UNCLAS
• IMINT / SIGINT / MASINT from space
• Mapping, charting, geodesy from space
• NRO

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Commercial Space Sector Guidelines

• Support and enhance US economic competitiveness
• Pursue commercial applications w/o direct federal
  subsidies
• Appropriate access to Govt space related
  infrastructure will be given to stimulate private
  sector participation
• Goal of market driven, commercial launch

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Intersector Guidelines

• International cooperation
• Cost Tech sharing
• Enhance relations
• Create new commercial opportunity
• Protect commercial value of intellectual property
• Space Transportation reliable affordable
  access
• Earth Observation - NPOESS
• Non-proliferation, Export controls
• Arms Control
• Space Nuclear Power not in Earth orbit
• Space Debris
• Govt Pricing not seek to recover development

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DOD Space Policy (1999)

• Last major policy revision 1987
• Themes
• National Interest
• Strategic Enabler to Natl Mil Strategy JV2010
• Information Superiority
• Deterrence
• Defense
• Freedom of Space
• Integration into Strategy, Doctrine, CONOPS
• Defense-Intel Cooperation

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Space Mission Areas

• Space Support ops to deploy maintain Launch,
  command control
• Force Enhancement ops to improve effectiveness
  Nav, Meteorology, Warning, C3, ISR, BDA
• Space Control ops to ensure freedom of action
  deny adversary Space Surv, ASAT, EW, IO
• Force Application combat ops in, through, from
  space to influence outcome of conflict BMD,
  Space Based Weapons

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Space Control

• Assured Access (launch on demand)
• Space Surveillance
• Protection (threat/attack on board warning)
• Prevention (deny adversary access through
  non-military means)
• Negation (deny, disrupt, deceive, degrade, or
  destroy)

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Space Control Considerations

• Resources
• International Coop/Treaty Implications
• Dual Use Systems (ABL) and Treaties
• Space Based vs Ground Based Weapons
• Response to attack on satellite
• Space Support to Terrestrial Warfare
• Arms race (defense vs offense)

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Organizational Implications

• Separate Space Force
• Joint Space Component Commander
• CINCSPACE (regional vs functional CINC)
• Cooperative/Combined/Shared Systems
• Military core capabilities?
• Commercial augmentation

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