Chapter 11 DNA and the Language of Life (protein synthesis)

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Chapter 11 DNA and the Language of Life (protein
synthesis)

• 11.1 Genes are made of DNA honors
• 11.2 Nucleic Acid Sequence (A,T,G,C)
• 11.3 DNA replication inheritance
• 11.4 1 Gene 1 Protein
• 11.5 Steps from Gene to Protein
• 11.6 Mutations in genes

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11.1 Genes are made of DNA

• Mendel didnt know about DNA
• Griffith-1928-transforming factor
• 2 Bacteria
• The harmful dead
• changed the
• harmless living into harmful living
• Some transforming factor remained active

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11.1 Genes are made of DNA

• Avery-1944- Transforming factor was DNA
• not protein
• Scientists were skeptical because protein was
  very prevalent
• Hershey and Chase- Radioactive Virus Experiments
• DNA is
• The genetic
• material

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11.2 Nucleic Acid Sequence (A,T,G,C)

• Nucleotides (A,T,G,C) are monomers (units) of
  nucleic acids
• 3 parts (sugar)
• deoxyribose(DNA) or ribose (RNA)
• Phosphate group
• Nitrogenous bases
• pyramidines
• purines

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11.2 Nucleic Acid Sequence (A,T,G,C)

• Nitrogenous bases
• pyrimidines Single ring
• (Cytosine, Thymine, U)
• purines Double Ring (Guanine,A)

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11.2 Nucleic Acid Sequence (A,T,G,C)

• 1950s
• Franklin and Wilkins- DNA helix
• Watson and Crick-Double helix
• Base pairings
• C-G (Pyrimidine Purine)
• fix notes
• A-T (Pyrimidine Purine)

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11.3 DNA replication inheritance

• Figure 11-9During DNA replication,
• the two strands of the
• original parent DNA molecule,
• shown in blue,
• each serve as a template for
• making a new strand,
• shown in yellow.
• Replication results in
• two daughter DNA molecules,
• each consisting of
• one original strand and
• one new strand.

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11.3 DNA replication inheritance

• Figure 11-10
• DNA replication
• both directions
• "bubbles."
• bubbles merge
• two daughter DNA

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11.4 1 Gene 1 Protein

• The bases A,T,G,C are the letters in the
  language of Life
• The letters make up genes
• Sentences are the polypeptides (proteins)

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11.4 1 Gene 1 Protein

• Several RNA molecules play a part in the
  intermediate steps from gene to protein

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11.4 1 Gene 1 Protein

• Each codon stands for an amino acid. (The table
  uses abbreviations for the amino acids, such as
  Ser for serine.)
• The codon AUG not only stands for methionine
  (Met), but also for "start.
• There are also three "stop" codons that do not
  code for amino acids, but signal the end of each
  genetic message.

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11.5 Steps from Gene to Protein

• Transcription DNA to RNA

http//www.dnai.org/a/index.html Go to
interactive screen- reading the code- putting it
together -interactive
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3 types of RNA

• mRNA-messenger
• tRNA-transfer
• rRNA-ribosomal

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RNA splicing

• Introns stay IN nucleus
• Exons EXit nucleus
• mRNA doesnt
• Contain introns

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11.5 Steps from Gene to Protein

• Translation RNA to Protein

Figure 11-191.Translation begins with the
attachment of a ribosome and the first tRNA to a
"start" (AUG) codon. 2. The ribosome then moves
along the mRNA. The polypeptide elongates as an
amino acid is added for each codon. 3. When the
ribosome arrives at a "stop" codon, the completed
polypeptide is released
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