Remote Sensing in Modern Military Operations

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Remote Sensing in Modern Military Operations
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Outline

• Background
• Former cruise missile technology
• Current cruise missile technology
• GIS on the battlefield ESRI products for the
  military
• Future of GIS applied to small unit tactics

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• What is a GIS?
• A GIS is a computer system capable of capturing,
  storing, analyzing, and displaying geographically
  referenced information that is, data identified
  according to location. Practitioners also define
  a GIS as including the procedures, operating
  personnel, and spatial data that go into the
  system.

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• A GIS makes it possible to link, or integrate,
  information that is difficult to associate
  through any other means. Thus, a GIS can use
  combinations of mapped variables to build and
  analyze new variables (fig. 9).

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• For example, using GIS technology, it is possible
  to combine agricultural records with hydrography
  data to determine which streams will carry
  certain levels of fertilizer runoff. Agricultural
  records can indicate how much pesticide has been
  applied to a parcel of land.

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Former Cruise Missile Technology

• Navigation
• Inertial Navigation System (INS)
• Terrain Contour Matching (TERCOM)
• (later) Global Positioning System (GPS)
• Terminal phase
• Digital Scene Matching Area Correlator (DSMAC)

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TERCOM
Tomahawk Cruise Missile Track using INS and TERCOM
Launch

• Multiple raster maps stored (all with same
  dimensions)
• Maps are DEMS of areas that have distinct
  topography
• Spatial resolution increases with each successive
  mapprecision funneling

INS Navigation
Waypoint fix
Target
Stored map
Missile track
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DSMAC and TERCOM

• Accurate 30-100 m
• Must obtain data for entire land surface of earth
• Very inefficient over flat areascircuitous route
  necessary

Generate DEM from high-resolution satellite
imagery
Radar-altimeter used to compare elevation of
terrain with stored data
High-resolution imagery (spatial and radiometric)
Right time of daycorrect range of contrast
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Next Generation MissileJASSM

• Joint Air-Surface Standoff Missile
• Navigation
• INS
• GPS
• Terminal Phase
• IR seeker
• Real-time target correlator
• Much more precise

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• The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)
  has tapped Space Imaging (www.spaceimaging.com)
  to provide the remote sensing imagery to underpin
  the installation visualization effort. The
  commercial firm is supplying its Precision
  1-meter IKONOS imagery to cover more than 300
  defense sites, mostly in the United States and
  Guam. Much of the needed imagery came from the
  companys existing inventory of installation
  images in its archive.

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GIS on the Battlefield ESRI

• Command and Control

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GIS on the Battlefield ESRI

• Mission PlanningThreat Domes

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GIS on the Battlefield ESRI

• Military Operations in Urbanized Terrain

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GIS on the Battlefield ESRI

• Tracking and Monitoring

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• The GIS imagery product can serve a number of
  functions. Local installation officials can use
  the multilayered GIS product to plan additional
  security measures to deal with new terrorist
  threats. These local officials also can examine
  infrastructure issues, such as expansion or
  return of land to civilian use, in the context of
  the effects these changes would have in a variety
  of environmental areas. And, Defense Department
  officials can consider all of these factors in
  determining base realignment or closure.

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The Future GIS Integrated with Land Warrior

• Land Warrior System

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What GIS can do for small units

• Command and control
• For company commanders, platoon and squad leaders
• Track movements and status of each person and
  unit
• Transmit messages, images, maps, to individuals
• Navigation
• View 2D or 3D maps of current location in
  multiple views
• GPS to direct toward waypoints
• Soldier identification and target discrimination
• Friendly troops
• Enemy troops
• Civilians

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GIS for small units

• Terrain analysis
• Cross-country mobility
• Patrol base analysisOCOKA
• Observation and fields of fire
• Cover and concealment
• Obstacles
• Key terrain
• Avenues of approach
• Automated real-time data correction
• Communication with command center
• Field commanders can query GIS analysts at
  command center to conduct terrain analysis or
  least cost path

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Questions/comments/suggestions?