Genetic Engineering

1
Genetic Engineering
2
Types of Genetic Engineering

• Negative
• Positive

3
Negative Genetic Engineering

• Correct a genetic defect

4
Positive Genetic Engineering

• Make a life-form better.

5
Eugenics

• Eugenics- make improvements upon organism.

6
Types of Genetic Therapy

• Somatic Therapy
• Germ line Therapy

7
Somatic Therapy

• Somatic therapy is a type of genetic therapy that
  only affects the individual.
• Changes are not passed on to any subsequent
  generations or off spring.

8
Germ line Therapy

• Germ line therapy is a type of genetic therapy
  that not only affects the individual but also the
  off spring.
• Changes are passed on to subsequent
  generations.

9
Splicing

• Splicing is a method where genes from one
  organism are spliced into the DNA of another
  organism. This is the most common method of
  genetic engineering.

10
Philosophical Views

• Conservative
• Michael Ruse
• Can we do better than God?
• Liberal
• Jonathan Glover
• Decisions the Genetic Supermarket

11
Michael Ruse

• Argues that we cannot get it better than God. His
  main point is that if we make everyone with
  superhuman powers and abilities the world will
  become a dramatically different and radically
  worse place.
• The awe of human creation and achievement will be
  lost, with everyone excelling at everything.

12
Jonathan Glover

• Argues that both positive and negative genetic
  engineering is morally permissible.
• He employs the philosophical argument of Robert
  Nowzick, a libertarian.
• Most libertarians are against any government
  interference in the private affairs of citizens,
  but Nowzick recognizes the inherent dangers in
  genetic engineering and suggest a system of
  government regulation at the "genetic
  supermarket".

13
Government Regulation.

• Most libertarians are against any government
  interference in the private affairs of citizens,
  but Nowzick recognizes the inherent dangers in
  genetic engineering and suggest a system of
  government regulation at the "genetic
  supermarket".

14
Genetic Supermarket

• In the genetic supermarket parents would have a
  limited voice in opting for genetic engineering
  of both positive and negative features.
• The government would simply ensure that no
  dangerous modifications were made.

15
The Council for Responsible Genetics (CRG)

• Opposes the use of germ-line therapy in humans.
  Further any changes made to an organism at an
  embryonic stage have the potential to be passed
  on to future generations, like Germline therapy.
• The goal of cleansing the gene pool of recessive
  genes and to improve the human organism would
  take thousands of years. Further such benefits
  would only be realized by families, and not by
  the population as a whole.

16
Cloning
17
Evolution and Science

• Many feel that evolution is wrong or false.
• Science, such a genetics, helps to confirm
  evolution of life on our planet on a daily basis.

18
Evolution

• Darwins Theory of Natural Selection, Evolution
  of Species.
• Charles Darwin Published the Origin of Species in
  1859

19
Chimpanzee and human ancestors may have interbred.

• Genetic analysis suggests a messy split between
  the two lineages.
• The evolutionary split between humans and our
  nearest evolutionary cousins, chimpanzees, may
  have occurred more recently than we thought,
  according to a new comparison of the respective
  genetic sequences.

20
A Bizarre Love Triangle

• Our two sets of ancestors may have interbred many
  thousands of years after first parting company.

21
Our earliest ancestor?

• Previous estimates put the split at as much as 7
  million years ago meaning that Toumaï, a fossil
  dating from at least 6.5 million years ago in
  Chad and assigned to the species Sahelanthropus
  tchadensis, was hailed as the earliest-known
  member of the line that gave rise to modern
  humans.

22
Harvard Med says

• Researchers led by David Reich of Harvard Medical
  School in Boston, Massachusetts, now calculate
  that the split may have occurred no more than 6.3
  million years ago, and possibly as recently as
  5.4 million. That would make Toumaï older than
  the time of the split.

23
How do they know?

• The researchers make their claim after comparing
  the genetic codes of humans, chimpanzees,
  gorillas and other primates in unprecedented
  detail more than 20 million DNA 'letters' in
  all. By checking the differences between
  different species' DNA sequences, they were able
  to estimate the time since they first diverged.

24
We share an X.

• Reich and his team explain in their study,
  published online in Nature. Different sections of
  the genome differ by different amounts,
  suggesting that they parted ways at different
  times. The divorce period between the two
  species, the data suggest, could have lasted a
  million years.The region bearing the most
  similarity is the X chromosome. This is exactly
  what one might expect if the two lineages had
  continued to interbreed after first starting to
  separate.

25
Hybrids

• If a hybrid population did exist, the question
  remains as to whether it died out, or whether
  modern humans or chimpanzees (or both) are its
  descendants.

26
Whos related to whom?

• It's very difficult to say, admits Reich.
• "The fossil data suggest, very tenuously, that it
  may have been humans who are descended from the
  hybrid population."
• Human-like fossils far outnumber chimpanzee-like
  ones in the fossil record, making it difficult to
  see exactly who was sleeping with whom at the
  time. (Nature)

27
Evolution

• Evolutionary theory is as true as any other
  scientific theory.
• Natural selection or survival of the fittest has
  been confirmed by evidence from the world.
• It is a way of organizing our experiences of the
  world, not unlike any other scientific law.

28
Poster boy atheism

• Who needs God?
• Evolution
• Explains the world without positing a higher
  power or deity.

29
Darwin is a Theist!

• But with regard to the material world, we ca at
  least go so far as this- we can perceive that
  events are brought about not by insulated
  interposition of Divine power, exerted in each
  particular case, but by the establishment of
  general laws-
• Whewell Bridgewater Treatise Prologue, Darwins
  Origin of Species

30
Evolution

• H1- Random
• H2- Designer
• H3- Evolution
• H4- Evolution Designer
• Evolution does not rule out the possibility of
  intelligent design for the universe.

31
Dolly the Sheep

• In 1997 Scientist in Scotland cloned the first
  mammal- Dolly the sheep. Not everyone was
  pleased.
• In 2003 Dolly passed away from complications
  related to her cloning.

32
50,000 to clone your cat!

• In 2002 scientist cloned the worlds first cat.
• In 2004 a woman paid
• 50,000
• to have her dead cat cloned.

33
Choose the sex of your Baby!
34
PGD

• In vitro Fertilization has been used for years to
  help couples have babies.
• PGD- Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis can be
  used to sort embryos before they are implanted.

35
Choose your Trait

• Eyes
• Skin Color
• Hair
• Weight
• Height
• Sex

36
Splicing

• Splicing is a method where genes from one
  organism are spliced into the DNA of another
  organism. This is the most common method of
  genetic engineering.

37
Splicing in Plants

• Glowing plants

38
Spliced Pigs

• Gene splicing improves pork farm waste
• In the last few years, scientists at Ontario's
  University of Guelph have created Enviropigs, a
  line of transgenic pigs containing both mouse and
  bacterial chromosomes the pigs cost less to feed
  and produce less noxious manure.

39
USDA Organic

• The USDA now certifies all food that has an
  organic label to be tested.

40
What it means

• Organic food is produced without using most
  conventional pesticides
• Fertilizers made with synthetic ingredients or
  sewage sludge
• Bioengineering (genetic Engineering.)
• Ionizing radiation.  

41
To get the seal

• Before a product can be labeled "organic," a
  Government-approved certifier inspects the farm
  where the food is grown to make sure the farmer
  is following all the rules necessary to meet USDA
  organic standards. 

42
Organic food contaminated

• A variety of foods marked organic or GM-free
  sold in the United Kingdom have been found to
  contain genetically modified (GM) ingredients.
  Researchers found that out of 25 organic or
  health food products that should have been
  GM-free, 10 contained GM soy.

43
Mix and Match Crops

• The United States and Argentina, two of the
  largest soy producers in the world, produce
  mostly GM soy, and GM-free crops are often mixed
  with GM crops after harvesting. Further, seeds
  that are supposed to be GM-free can contain from
  1 percent to 2 percent GM varieties. Over 60
  percent of processed foods sole in supermarkets
  contain soy ingredients.

44
Contamination with GM

• Researchers suggest that it will become
  increasingly difficult to keep organic products
  GM-free, and even say that the problem will be 10
  times worse in just one year.

45
Medical Research

• GE Animals

46
No Government Regulation

• The United States Government does not require
  labels for any Genetically engineered food.

47
Did you know???

• Tomato and shrimp DNA
• GE Papaya in Hawaii
• Cheese 70 of all Cheese
• Golden rice
• Starlink corn and Taco Bell in 1994
• Bio Toxin (BT) rice
• BT Corn
• BT Cotton grown in Arizona since 1996

48

• The US government said it was investigating a
  type of genetically-modified (GM) corn, approved
  for use in livestock, that may have turned up in
  some taco shell's at the popular fast-food chain
  Taco Bell.
• Nearly 150,000 boxes of Taco Bell shells, each
  containing a dozen, were produced in the same
  batches as those supposedly contaminated.

49
Cheese

• More than 70 of all cheese sold in the US is
  made with Genetically Modified enzymes

50
GE papaya

• Farmers in the orient ganble that GE papaya will
  have a longer shelf life and surive the trip to
  the US and Europe.

51
Soybean

• 60 of the US soybean crop is genetically
  modified.

52
Canola Oil

• 62 of the plants from which canola oil is
  extracted are genetically modified.

53

• Milk cows are treated with a GE version of a
  hormone in order to increase milk production.

54
Vitamins and Minerals

• Genetically Modified bacteria and yeast have been
  used since 1981 to produce vitamins and
  nutritional supplements.
• Many pharmaceutical drugs are the result of
  genetic engineering.

55
70 of all processed food

• 70 of all processed food is the United states
  contains Genetically Modified Components.

56
Future

• Genetic Supermarket

57
Benefits

• Benefits
• Genetic engineering can cure diseases and improve
  upon existing plants and animals. Such
  improvements can be natural pesticides (BT bio
  toxin) as well as improved yield in crops and
  animals

58
Problems

• What does it mean to improve or make something
  better?
• What happens when genetically engineered plants
  or animals escape into nature?
• Are all of the side effects known? Should they be
  further studied before research continues?

59
Moral Questions

• Should scientist try to make plants or animals
  better?
• What does it mean to make something better?
• Is it better that corn now produced its own
  poison on its leafs?
• Should plant and animal DNA be spliced together?

60
Moral Questions Continued

• Should genetically engineered food be fed to
  animals that humans are going to eat?
• Should the government require labels on all
  genetically engineered food?
• Do we have the right to splice animal DNA into
  our own bodies? Can we become a real chimera,
  animal/man?