Genetic Engineering and The Human Genome

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Genetic Engineering and The Human Genome
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Selective Breeding

• Humans use selective breeding to pass desired
  traits on to the next generation.
• Inbreeding keeps desired traits within a line of
  organisms by breeding related organisms.
• Traits are controlled by more than 1 set of genes
  Ex/ hair color (POLYGENIC TRAITS)

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Increasing Variation

• To increase variation, breeders often introduce
  mutations (the ultimate source for genetic
  variation) into the population.

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Manipulating DNA

• Using their knowledge of DNA and various
  techniques, scientists can extract, cut, identify
  and copy DNA.
• DNA Extraction simple chemical procedure
  separate DNA.
• DNA Cutting restriction enzymes cut particular
  DNA sequences.
• Separating DNA gel electrophoresis.
• Copy using polymerace chain reaction PCR

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Applications of Biotechnology

• DNA Finger Printing
• Uses identity, paternity, crime scenes
• You need Saliva, blood, body fluids, skin or
  hair
• Gel Electrophoresis Used to separate DNA into
  fragments based on size
• How you can tell who did the crime based on gel
  results

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Gel Electophoresis and PCRSeparates DNA based on
size Magnifying DNA
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Transgenic Organisms

• Transgenic organisms contain genes from other
  organisms.
• Ethical Issues??
• EXAMPLES
• Making onions glow using jellyfish DNA.
• Using bacteria to make human insulin.

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Cloning

• A clone is a member of a population of
  genetically identical cells produced from a
  single cell.
• Dolly, Cows , Cats and more.
• Bring back endangered or even extinct species.

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Human Chromosomes

• 23 pairs of Chromosomes for a total of 46.
• 1-22 autosomal
• 23 sex chromosomes
• Karyotypes, pictures of chromosomes, can be used
  to study our chromosomes.

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Karyotype
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Chromosome Disorders

• Nondisjunction occurs when chromosomes fail to
  separate during meiosis.
• The result is an abnormal number of chromosomes.
• Down Syndrome Extra chromosome at position 21.
• Turners Syndrome a female with only one X
  chromosome
• Klinefelters syndrome In Males too many X
  chromosomes. Ie. XXXXXY or XXY.

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Gene Therapy

• In gene therapy, an absent or faulty gene is
  replaced by a normal, working gene.

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Human Genome Project

• An ongoing effort to analyze the human DNA
  sequence
• Important because it could be used to cure
  genetic disorders
• -What if a normal gene produces an absent
  gene.useful so body can make correct protein

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DNA Testing

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vuDumZT5z5R8