Faults & Topography

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Faults Topography
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Whats a Fault?

• A fault is a break in the rock that makes up the
  Earths crust.
• The surfaces on either side of the break move
  past each other, becoming displaced.

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Types of Faults

• Dip Slips
• Change in vertical direction (up and down).

Thrust Fault
Normal Fault
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Types of Faults

• Strike Slips
• Change in horizontal direction (side to side).

Right-lateral
Left-lateral
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What Causes Faults?

• Stresses and strains on the earths upper layers
  create breaks (faults) in the earths crust.
  These stresses are caused by things like
• Plate boundary movements
• Thermal expansion and contraction
• Gravitational forces

To learn more about Plate Boundaries, click here.
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Faults Across the Globe

• Faults were found near Kaliningrad, Kaliningrad
  Oblast, Russia.

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Faults Across the Globe

• Faults possibly due to earthquake in 2004.

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Faults Across the Globe
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Faults Across the Globe
What kind of fault is this?
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Faults Across the Globe

• San Andreas fault in California occurred as a
  result of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.

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Topography

• Topography is the study of the earths surface.
• A Topographic Map is a representation of the
  earths 3-D surface on a flat piece of paper.
• Topographic Maps show important geographical
  features, landmarks, and land contours.
• Land contours are shown by contour lines.

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Topographic Map

• Contour lines are curves that connect congruent
  points of the same altitude.
• Rules of Contour Maps
• The Rule of Os
• The Spacing of Contours
• The Contour Interval

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Topographic Maps
Contour Line
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Topographic Maps
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What are some major differences between these
topographic maps?
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Hows It Used?

• Can you think of some ways a topographic map
  might be used?
• Topographic Maps are used in
• Geographic Planning
• Architecture
• Civil Engineering
• Earth Sciences
• Mining
• Hiking