Race and Ethnicity

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Race and Ethnicity
Chapter 11
Society, The Basics 10th Edition John J. Macionis
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The Social Meaning of Race and Ethnicity

• Race a ______ constructed category composed of
  people who share ___________ transmitted traits
  that members of a society consider important.

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The Social Meaning of Race and Ethnicity

• Ethnicity a shared ______ heritage.
• Race involves highlighting ________ traits.
• Ethnicity involves highlighting cultural traits.

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Minorities

• A minority any category of people,
  distinguished by physical or cultural _______ ,
  that a society sets apart and subordinates.

Characteristics

• They share a distinctive ______.
• Subordination (social disadvantage).

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Prejudice Stereotypes

• Prejudice a rigid and irrational ___________
  about an entire category of people.

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Prejudice Stereotypes

• Prejudgments that are positive or negative.
• They lead us to characterize all members of an
  entire ______ , most of whom weve never met.

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Prejudice Stereotypes

• Stereotypes an ___________ description applied
  to every person in some category.
• Both the majority group and _________ hold
  stereotypical beliefs.

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Measuring Prejudice
Emory Bogardus

• Social Distance Scale
• Student opinions show a trend toward greater
  acceptance
• People see less ________ among various minorities
• 9-11 attacks may have reduced social acceptance
  of Arabs Muslims

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Measuring Prejudice
(p. 311)
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Racism

• Racism the belief that one racial category is
  innately ______ or ______ to another.

• Racial difference in mental abilities results
  from environment rather than ______ .

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Theories of Prejudice

• Scapegoat Theory prejudice springs from
  frustration among people who are themselves
  ___________ .

• A scapegoat a person with little power whom
  people unfairly blame for their own troubles.

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Theories of Prejudice

• Authoritarian Personality Theory extreme
  prejudice is a personality trait in certain
  individuals

• These personalities are common among those with
  _____ ________ and broken homes.

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Theories of Prejudice

• Culture Theory extreme prejudice may be
  embedded in culture.
• Bogardus believed everyone in the United States
  expresses some ______ because we live in a
  culture of ______ .

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Theories of Prejudice

• Conflict Theory powerful people use prejudice
  to justify ________ others.
• Steele contends that minorities themselves
  cultivate a climate of race consciousness in
  order to win greater ______ .

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Discrimination

• Discrimination treating various categories of
  people ______ .
• Institutional prejudice and discrimination.

• Prejudice and discrimination often occur ______ .

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Discrimination
Robert Merton

• Prejudice and discrimination may combine in four
  ways
• a) Active bigotry
• b) ______ ______
• c) Fair-weather liberalism
• d) All-weather liberalism

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Discrimination
Prejudice The Vicious Circle Prejudice and
discrimination can form a vicious circle,
perpetuating themselves. Figure 11.2 (p. 314)
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Sociological Theories

• Structural Functionalism - Prejudice is
  functional in that it creates in-group solidarity
  and out-group antagonism.
• Social Conflict theory - focuses on competition
  and the ability of some group to exploit others.
• Symbolic interactionism-examines how perception
  and labels produce prejudice.

Dr. John Musalia, Western Kentucky U.
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Majority and MinorityPatterns of Interaction

• Pluralism a state in which racial and ethnic
  minorities are distinct but have _____ _____ .
• Assimilation the process by which minorities
  gradually adopt patterns of the dominant
  category.
• Miscegenation biological reproduction by people
  of ________ ______ categories.

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Majority and MinorityPatterns of Interaction

• Segregation the physical and social _________
  of categories of people.
• Genocide the systematic _____ of one category
  of people by another.

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Native Americans
Race and Ethnicity in the U. S

• When the Europeans arrived in the ________
  century, the Native Americans numbered in the
  millions.
• By 1900, they numbered a mere 250,000.

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Native Americans
Race and Ethnicity in the U. S

• Christopher Columbus first called them Indians
  because he thought he landed in India.
• Not until 1924 were Native Americans entitled to
  ________ .

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White Anglo-Saxon Protestants
Race and Ethnicity in the U. S

• WASPs were not the first to inhabit the U. S.,
  but they came to ________ this nation.

• Historically, WASP immigrants were highly skilled
  and motivated to achieve the ________ work ethic.

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White Anglo-Saxon Protestants
Race and Ethnicity in the U. S

• WASPs were never one single ______ .
• English remains the dominant language today, and
  Protestantism is the majority ______ .

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African Americans
Race and Ethnicity in the U. S

• Most accounts mark the beginning of black history
  in the United States as ____.
• A Dutch trading ship brought twenty Africans to
  Jamestown, Virginia.

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African Americans
Race and Ethnicity in the U. S

• Slavery was the foundation of the southern
  colonies plantation system.
• In 1865, the _________ Amendment outlawed slavery.

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An American Dilemma
Race and Ethnicity in the U. S

• A democratic societys denial of basic rights and
  freedoms to an entire category of people
• To resolve this, white people defined African
  Americans as innately ______ and undeserving of
  ______ .

Gunnar Myrdal
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Asian Americans
Race and Ethnicity in the U. S

• _________ _______ diversity characterizes this
  category of people.
• In 2006, the total number of Asian Americans
  exceeded 13 million.

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Asian Americans
Race and Ethnicity in the U. S

• The largest category of Asian Americans is people
  of Chinese ancestry.

• More than ___- _____ of Asian Americans live in
  California.

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Hispanic Americans/Latinos
Race and Ethnicity in the U. S

• In 2006, Hispanic Americans numbered more than 44
  million.
• Few people in this category describe themselves
  as ______ or ______ .

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Hispanic Americans/Latinos
Race and Ethnicity in the U. S

• Hispanics are really a cluster of ______
  ___________ , each of which identifies with a
  particular ancestral nation.

• Most of the Hispanic population lives in the
  _________ .

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Arab Americans
Race and Ethnicity in the U. S

• Arab (an ethnic category) is not the same as
  Muslim (a follower of Islam).

• Arab cultures differ from society to society
• Share Arabic ________ and ________
• Arab Americans population is 1.5 million

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White Ethnic Americans
Race and Ethnicity in the U. S

• Recognizes ethnic heritage and social
  disadvantages of many white people

• ___-_____ whites
• Immigrants from Ireland, Poland, Germany, Italy,
  and other European countries
• ___-____ of U.S. population

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Race and Ethnicity Looking Ahead.

• The United States has been and will remain a land
  of immigrants.
• Immigration has generated striking cultural
  diversity.
• Many new arrivals face much the same prejudice as
  those who came before them.