America on the World Stage 18991909

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America on the World Stage1899-1909

• The American Pageant
• Chapter 30

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Little Brown Brothers

• 2/4/99 Filipinos under Agui-naldo rebelled
  against U.S. wanted freedom like Cuba.
• Difficult war bred atrocities, e.g. water cure,
  reconcentra-tion camps.
• War dirtied U.S. hands U.S. acting as oppressors.

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Little Brown Brothers (2)

• 1901 Aguinaldo captured, led to defeat of
  insurrection.
• Taft headed Philippine Commission made enormous
  investments in roads, sanitation, health,
  education.
• Economic ties (sugar) were developing.

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Little Brown Brothers (3)

• Taft developed fondness for Filipinos, called
  them little brown brothers.
• Filipinos resented U.S. help, esp. compulsory
  education.
• 7/4/1946 Finally received independence.

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Hay Defends China

• 1894-5 Japan defeated China European powers
  (Rus., Ger.) followed to grab economic spheres of
  influence.
• Missionaries, business, even Britons, demanded
  action by U.S. govt to protect their interests.

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Hay Defends China (2)

• 1899 Sec. of State Hay sends Open Door note to
  great powers urged them to allow fair trade in
  their spheres.
• Hay interpreted conditions rejections as
  acceptance declared Open Door in effect.
• Policy proved short-lived.

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Hinging the Open Door

• Chinese Boxers killed over 200 whites (incl.
  missionaries), threatened diplomats.
• Japan, Russia, Britain, France, Germany, U.S.
  all contributed troops to put down rebellion
  against U.S. tradition of nonentanglement.

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Hinging the Open Door (2)

• Victorious powers fined China 333M, 24.5M to
  U.S.
• U.S. paid damages, returned 18M unused to China.
• China appreciative, used to educate students in
  U.S.
• Hay now concerned about powers dividing China.

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Hinging the Open Door (3)

• Hay announces new Open Door respect Chinas
  territor-ial, as well as commercial, integrity.
• China spared partition due to competition of
  powers, not Hays diplomacy.

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Roosevelt Moved Upstairs

• War, prosperity, expansion, gold standard led to
  renom-ination of McKinley for Reps.
• T. Roosevelt had been elected gov. of NY based on
  war popularity, but party bosses found him
  difficult, wanted to unload him to vice
  presidency.

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Roosevelt Moved Upstairs (2)

• Roosevelt reluctantly but easily received VP
  nomination, Hanna concerned.
• Bryan was obvious Dem. nominee, forced outdated
  silver plank into platform.
• But main Dem issue was Rep. imperialism.

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Imperialism or Bryan?

• Bryan hit stump, but Roose-velts cowboy
  popularity cut into Bryans Midwest support.
• Bryans concerns over Philippines seemed stale,
  were actually encouraging rebels.
• Reps. Bryan would put pros-perity in jeopardy.

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Imperialism or Bryan? (2)

• Full Dinner Pail seemed more important,
  McKinley won comfortably.
• Voters actually split on imper-ialism, silver
  for many it was a choice between 2 evils.
• If mandate, it was for prosperity protection.

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Brandisher of the Big Stick

• Sept., 1901 McKinley assassinated by anarchist.
• Roosevelt calmed fears by promising to carry out
  McKinleys policies.
• TR was born into wealth (NY), overcame asthma
  through exercise, Harvard grad.

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Brand. of the Big Stick (2)

• TR was high energy, cabinet included athletic
  advisers the tennis cabinet.
• TR valued strength, the fight Speak softly and
  carry a big stick, you will go far.
• TR confident, self-righteous, very social.

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Brand. of the Big Stick (3)

• TR preached virtue, reform from bully pulpit,
  though willing to compromise.
• TR was actually less radical than his actions a
  bit left of center politically.
• TR became master politician with huge popular
  appeal.

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Brand. of the Big Stick (4)

• TR believed strongly in direct action a pres.
  should lead.
• TR had lack of respect for law, checks and
  balances, Cons-titution if he felt it
  necessary loose constructionist.

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Colombia Blocks Canal

• TRs presidency largely occupied with foreign
  affairs.
• War, need to defend new territories help trade
  heightened calls for canal.
• But Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850) prevented U.S.
  from exclusive control of a canal.

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Colombia Blocks Canal (2)

• But by 1901, concerns over Europe, Boer War led
  British to yield Hay-Pauncefote Treaty gave U.S.
  right to build fortify canal.
• Where to build canal? Nicaragua or Panama?

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Colombia Blocks Canal (3)

• Bunau-Varilla New Panama Canal Co. (French)
  desired to salvage something from canal failure
  reduced price.
• Nicaragua feared b/c of volcano, Hanna argued for
  Panama in Senate Congress chose Panama in 1902.

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Colombia Blocks Canal (4)

• Panama part of Colombia U.S. negotiated with
  Col. govt terms of a 6-mile wide lease.
• But Colombian Senate rejected treaty not enough
  .
• 1904 election concerns anger over rejection
  made TR determined to build canal.

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U.S. Creates Panama

• Rebellious Panamanians Bunau-Varilla both
  afraid of losing canal to Nicaragua.
• 11/3/03 Bunau-Varilla led revolution with
  Panamanian fire dept., Colombian mercenaries.

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U.S. Creates Panama (2)

• Colombian troops prevented from crushing
  rebellion by U.S. navy TR based interfer-ence on
  1846 treaty w/ Col.
• TR quickly recognized new govt, U.S. signed
  HayBunau-Varilla Treaty to give 10-mile canal
  zone to U.S.

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U.S. Creates Panama (3)

• TR involved in conspiracy? Not likely, but
  conspirators knew of his anger, counted on use of
  big stick.
• European imperialists criticized U.S. as
  hypocritical for cowboy diplomacy.

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Completing the Canal

• Seizure of Cuba, Puerto Rico, involvement in
  Panama gave rise to fear of U.S. Big Brother in
  Latin America.
• TR claimed mandate of civili-zation to build
  canal, cited Columbian treachery blackmail.

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Completing the Canal (2)

• Yet Nicaragua route was avail-able, but may have
  delayed canal start past election.
• 1904 Work began, despite landslides labor
  problems.
• Col. Goethals perfected organization, Col. Gorgas
  handled health problems.

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Completing the Canal (3)

• 1914 Project completed for 400M just as WWI
  began.

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TRs Monroe Doctrine

• Latin American debt to Euro-pean powers (e.g. UK,
  Ger.) jeopardized independence, esp. in
  Venezuela, Dominican Republic.
• TR feared debt would be used as pretense to
  violate Monroe Doctrine.

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TRs Monroe Doctrine (2)

• TR devised devious preven-tive intervention or
  Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine
• In event of debt problems, U.S. would intervene
  to pay off debts, keep Europeans away by becoming
  policeman of the Caribbean.

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TRs Monroe Doctrine (3)

• 1905 U.S. took over tariff collections in
  Dominican Rep. policy was a success.
• TR changed MD from you shall not intervene, to
  we will intervene to prevent you from
  intervening actually a whole new policy.

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TRs Monroe Doctrine (4)

• Roosevelt Corollary was largest contributor to
  Bad Neighbor policy used to justify repeated
  marine landings, turned Caribbean into Yankee
  Lake.
• E.g., 1906 landing of marines to put down Cuban
  revolution.

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TR on World Stage

• Russias advances into Manchuria for warm water
  port threatened Japan.
• 1904 Japan surprised Russian fleet at Port
  Arthur, dealt Russia series of military defeats
  1st for European power since 16th century.

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TR on World Stage (2)

• But Japan, running low on men money, secretly
  approached TR about spon-soring peace
  negotiations.
• 1905 TR began negotiations in NH, forced
  compromise that neither side liked.

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TR on World Stage (3)

• 1906 TR received Nobel Peace Prize for efforts.
• Russia accused TR of robbing them of victories,
  relationship with Russia soured.
• Japan felt robbed of just compensation, rivalry
  with U.S. grew.

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Japanese Laborers in CA

• Dislocations tax burdens of Russo-Japanese War
  sent many Japanese families to CA valleys 70,000
  by 1906.
• CA whites feared yellow peril.
• 1906 SF earthquake/fire meant schools needed
  space.

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Japanese Laborers in CA (2)

• SF schools declared Japanese must go to special
  school.
• Residents of Japan felt insult-ed, war talk on
  both sides sensationalized in yellow press.
• TR invited SF school board to White House, worked
  out Gentlemens Agreement.

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Japanese Laborers in CA (3)

• Agreement (1907-08) SF schools repealed order,
  Japan agreed to halt flow of laborers.
• TR worried that compromise may be interpreted by
  Japan as a result of fear of Japanese ordered
  big stick battleship tour around world.

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Japanese Laborers in CA (4)

• 1907 16 battleships of Great White Fleet left
  from VA.
• Warm reception in Japan was high point of trip.
• 1908 Resulted in Root-Taka-hira agreement
  U.S./Japan to respect others possessions in
  Pacific, uphold Open Door.

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Japanese Laborers in CA (5)

• TR regarded cruise as his most significant
  contribution to peace.

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