Title: TWO AMERICAS: THE USA AND CANADA COMPARED TO LATIN AMERICA
1TWO AMERICAS THE USA AND CANADA COMPARED TO
LATIN AMERICA
2REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS
- Revolution
- A popular idea, means to an end
- A way to restructure society
- Popular sovereignty
- Relocating sovereignty in the people
- Traditional monarchs
- Claimed a "divine right" to rule
- Derived from God, unquestionable
- Monarch unanswerable to people
- Constitutional Limitations
- Aristocracy, Enlightenment challenged king
- Glorious Revolution of 1688
- Made the monarch responsible to the people
- John Locke's theory of contractual government
- Authority comes from the consent of the governed
- Freedom and equality
- Demands for freedom of worship
- Freedom of expression, assembly
- Demands for political and legal equality
3TYPES OF REVOLUTIONS
- Aristocratic Revolution
- Aristocracy fights to preserve privileges
- Often against royal absolutism
- Rarely for other classes rights
- Usually ends with constitution, limits on
monarchy - Early revolt of creoles in Americas was an
example - Bourgeois (liberal) Revolution
- Middle class seeks rights equal to nobility
- Extension of franchise, ability to hold office
- Issues of taxation often involved
- Reforms limited and rarely radical, franchise
limited - American (1776), French (1789)
- Latin American Revolutions (1820s)
- La Reforma in Mexico (1850s)
- Mass revolutions
- Most of society effected and involved
- Often goals are quite radical
- Methods to achieve are often quite violent
- Nationalist Revolutions
4REFORM
- Often system allowed change without radical
means, violence - Reform was a theme of 1750 1914
- Bourbon reforms in Spanish colonies
- Pombals reforms in Portugal, Brazil
- Jacksonian Democracy 1820s
- La Reforma of Benito Juarez 1850s
- Reform movements
- Increased, responsive democratic representation,
institutions - Expansion of male suffrage was the key issue
- One of the hallmarks of a democratic society
- Very successful in US, Canada
- Less so in Latin America,
- White male suffrage expanded
- Mestizo, mulatto, Indian suffrage limited
- Abolition of slavery
- Abolition movement was very successful
- Other forms of coercive labor replaced them
- Racial, social equality did not follow
- Brazil, Cuba, Puerto Rico were last to emancipate
5THE POLITICAL SPECTRUM
6EMERGENCE OF IDEOLOGIES
- Conservatism
- Resisted change, opposed revolutions
- Importance of continuity, tradition, aristocracy
- Edmund Burke
- Viewed society as organism that changed slowly
over time - American Revolution natural, logical outcome of
history - French Revolution violent and irresponsible
- In the US Alexander Hamilton, some Federalists
- In Latin America
- Centralized Government was the issue
- All power should exist in one person, one
institution - Monarchy, church was at heart of conservatism
- Liberalism
- Welcomed controlled change as an agent of
progress - Strongly middle class, support economic reform,
education to help industrialization - Wanted to reform political structure, increase
electorate slightly - Championed freedom, equality, democracy, written
constitutions - Limits on state power, interference in individual
freedoms - In the US US Constitution, Jeffersonian
Democracy, Progressives
7ECONOMIC EXPANSION IN U.S.A. CANADA
- The United States
- Slow to start few laborers, little capital
- Cotton and Textiles began revolution
- British craftsmen started cotton textile industry
in New England, 1820s - Southern cotton was going to England, diverted to
New England factories - New England most resembled Old England conditions
- Civil War led to explosion of steel, iron,
armaments, clothing, food production - Developed electrical, transportation industries
- US Railroads
- Integrated national economy by late 19th century
- 200,000 miles of railroad in US by 1900
- Economic stimulus
- 75 percent of steel went to railroads
- Supported other industries especially retail,
transport along lines - Encouraged immigrant labor, farmers to settle
along tracks, in West - Capital
- British capital
- Crucial for early development of U.S., Canadian
industries - Foreign capital supported textile, iron and
steel, railroads
8LATIN AMERICAN DEPENDENCE
- Colonial legacy
- Large landed elites, ranching
- Peonage system, debt labor
- Limited ability to trade except primary goods
- Spain, Portugal never encouraged industries
- Limited success at industrialization
- 1820 1850 Economic Stagnation
- Wars of independence had disrupted economy
- Most wealth tied to land, agriculture
- Export of primary, unfinished goods especially
guano, coffee, hides - Too many unsolved social problems retarded
industrialization - Economic growth part of 2nd Industrial Revolution
- Change grew out of liberalizing effects, reforms
in late century - Entrepreneurs, intellectuals, landowners brought
in foreign investments - Facilitated by new technologies (railroads,
steamships) - Great Boom driven by exports
- Demand for rubber, copper, tin, silver, beef,
bananas, oil, coffee, cocoa - Capital intensive development of primary product
exports - Trade increased by almost 50 from 1870 1880
9THE FIRST WORLD WARS
- 1750 - 1765
- War of Austrian Succession
- France, Spain, England, Portugal, Dutch, Russia,
Sweden in wars - Rise of Prussia as a great power, England as a
super power - Showed balance of power doctrine at its fullest
- Colonial Wars French and Indian Wars
- Battles fought around the world
- Colonies changed hands, colonials effected
- English, French contest for North America
- France lost influence in North America, Caribbean
- England emerges as worlds super power
- British navy rules seas unopposed
- Acquires former French North American colonies
- Acquires preeminent influence in India
- Acquires right to supply slaves to Spanish
Americas - Spain, Portugal, Dutch no longer great powers
- American Revolution 1776 1783
- British colonists revolt, inspired by
Enlightenment - American ships ranged seas attacking English
10THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
- Tension between Britain, American colonies
- Legacy of Seven Years' War
- British debt, North American tax burden
- Colonists increasingly independent minded
- Colonial protest
- Over taxes, trade policies, Parliamentary rule
- Colonial boycott of British goods
- Attacks on British officials Boston Tea Party,
1773 - Political protest over representation in
Parliament - Continental Congress, 1774
- British troops, colonial militia skirmished at
the village of Lexington, 1775 - The Declaration of Independence, 4 July 1776
- Thirteen united States of America severed ties
with Britain - Declaration inspired by Enlightenment, Locke's
theory of government - The American Revolution, 1775-1781
- British advantages strong government, navy,
army, loyalists in colonies - American advantages European allies, George
Washington's leadership - Weary of a costly conflict, British forces
surrendered in 1781 - Building an independent state Constitutional
Convention, 1787
11WAR OFAMERICANINDEPENDENCE
12HAITIAN REVOLUTION
- Saint-Domingue
- Rich French colony on western Hispaniola
- Society dominated by small white planter class
- 90 percent of population were slaves
- Horrendous working conditions
- Large communities of escaped slaves (maroons)
- Ideas of Enlightenment reached educated blacks
- Free blacks fought in American war
- Widespread discontent
- White settlers sought self-governance
- Gens de couleur sought political rights
- Slaves wanted freedom
- Slave revolt began in 1791
- Factions of white settlers, gens de couleur,
slaves battled each other - French troops arrived in 1792 British, Spanish
intervened in 1793 - Slaves conquer whole island including Spanish
part - Whites driven into exile, executed
- Toussaint Louverture (1744-1803)
- Son of slaves, literate, son of Enlightenment
13INDEPENDENCE IN LATIN AMERICA
- Latin American colonial society rigidly
hierarchical - Social classes peninsulares, creoles, mestizos,
slaves, indigenous peoples - Creoles sought to displace the peninsulares but
retain their privileged position - Mestizos form the largest part of population,
wanted rights - All other classes had no influence, few rights
- Mexican independence
- Napoleon's invasion of Spain in 1807 weakened
royal control of colonies - 1810 peasant revolt in Mexico led by Hidalgo,
defeated by conservative creoles - 1821 Mexico briefly a military dictatorship,
then in 1822 a republic - Southern Viceroyalty of New Spain split into
several independent states in 1830s - Simon Bolivar to 1822
- Led independence movement in South America
- Inspired by George Washington, took arms against
Spanish rule in 1811 - Creole forces overcame Spanish armies throughout
South America, 1824 - Bolivar's effort of creating the Gran Colombia
failed in 1830s - Jose de San Martin to 1825
- Led independence movements in Bolivia, Argentina,
Chile - United efforts with Bolivar
- Brazilian independence
14THE NEW AMERICAN MAP
15LATIN AMERICA
- Old Problems confront new realities
- Leaders came from Enlightenment spoke of
equality, freedom - No allowance freedom of religion
- Slavery ended but not exploitation of poor,
Indians - Equality was too threatening to elite
- Democracy uncommon, rich men voted
- Old color distinctions did not disappear rapidly,
easily, or at all - Political fragmentation
- Political instability after independence
- Creole leaders ruled but had little experience
with self-government - White minority dominated politics
- Peasant majority was without power
- Political instability aggravated by division
among elites - Constant argument between centralizing and
federalizing pressures - Conflicts between farmers, ranchers, indigenous
peoples common - Intense fighting in Argentina, Chile modern
weapons against native peoples - Colonists had pacified most productive land by
1870s - Caudillos, Caudillism, Politics and the Church
- Military leaders who held power after
revolutionary era
16MEXICO INSTABILITY FOREIGN INTERVENTION
- Mexican Republic under Santa Anna
- Until his death dominated Mexico
- Saw himself as a Latin Napoleon
- Constantly in debt to foreigners
- Revolt of Texas led to conflict with US
- Mexican American War 1846 1848
- Mexico lost 1/3 of its territory
- Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
- US expanded to Pacific and annexed Texas
- The French Intervention
- Benito Juarez
- Liberal Indian President of Mexico
- He started a liberal revolt
- La Reforma which was powerful
- Conservatives turned to French for support
- French troops land
- French install an Austrian emperor on throne
- Backed emperor with French troops, French money
- US demanded French withdrawal in 1867
17THE UNITED STATES
- Jacksonian Democracy
- Expansion of electorate to include poorer,
western Americans - By 1820s all adult white men could vote and hold
office - Constant tension between states rights, federal
powers - Rapid westward expansion after the revolution
- Britain ceded lands east of Mississippi to US
- 1803, US purchased France's Louisiana Territory
- By 1840s, coast-to-coast expansion was claimed as
manifest destiny - The Mexican-American War, 1845-1848
- Conflict with indigenous peoples followed
- 1830, Indian Removal Act forced eastern Indians
to move west of Mississippi - Thousands died on the "Trail of Tears" to
Oklahoma - Stiff resistance to expansion Battle of Little
Big Horn, 1876, Sioux victory - U.S. massacre at Wounded Knee, 1890, ended Indian
Wars - An Era of Compromise Avoided Conflict 1820-1854
- North had the population, dominated House of
Representatives - South wanted to preserve slavery but would lose a
vote in House - Missouri Compromise in 1820 admitted one slave,
one free state - South able to block abolition of slavery in
Senate
18AMERICAN CIVIL WAR
- War not just an American domestic conflict
- France, UK nearly intervened for South
- Both dependent on Southern cotton
- Both provided aid to Southern blockade runners
- France and Mexico 1863 - 1867
- Revolution ousted Santa Anna Juarez new leader
- Mexico owed Europeans money
- Europeans occupy Veracruz, ignored Monroe
Doctrine - France set up a puppet regime under Austrian
emperor - Austria, Prussia, Russia supported North
- Saw Southern secession as revolt against
legitimacy - Poland 1863 Three nations suppressed rebellion
- Three nations warned France, UK not to get
involved - Russian fleets anchored in Northern ports
- US bought Alaska in 1867 to repay Russia for
support - Prussia observed Union military
- Learned from Northern art of war, rebuilt army
- Increased use of railroads as instrument of war
- Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg Address
19U.S.A. IN MAPS
20CANADIAN DOMINION
- Independence came without war
- Autonomy and division characterized Canadian
history - Distance from England, isolation in north and
interior led to self-government, autonomy - Always a contest between English speaking, French
speaking groups - Immigrants and Amerindians dominated in the
interior - Eastern Canada (Quebec, Ontario, Maritime
Provinces) dominate Canada - French Quebec taken by Britain after the Seven
Years' War - Quebec Act was a large cause of war with American
colonies - British authorities made large concessions to
French Canadians - After 1781, many British loyalists fled United
States to seek refuge in Canada - The War of 1812 unified Canada against U.S.
invaders - Anti-U.S. sentiments due to US invasions,
pillaging - Created sense of unity among French and British
Canadians - 1830s
- Increased Irish, English, Scottish, German
immigration - Tensions between French, growing English
population - Metis Rebellion French Indians rebel in west
- 1840-1867, British granted home rule to Canadians
- Dominion of Canada created in 1867
21CANADA IN IMAGES
22MEXICAN REVOLUTION 1911- 1920
- The Revolution (1910-1920)
- Middle class joins peasants, workers overthrow
Diaz - Class Factions
- 1910-1914 all rebels vs. Diaz and Huerta
- 1914-20 Carranza, Obregon vs. Zapata, Villa
- Regional Revolutions North, South, Yucatan
- Course of the Revolution
- Liberal Middle Class Leaders
- Francisco Madero rules at first
- Seeks middle class constitutional democracy
- Opposes land reform landless peasants attack
large landowners - Peasant armies win pitched battles against
government troops - General Huerta, army side with landowners, kills
Madero - Venustiano Carranza
- Organizes coalition with Villa, Zapata, Obregon
- US troops sent by Wilson support Carranza, Huerta
resigns - Peasant, Common Rebels
- Pancho Villa led northern rebels, especially
landless peasants - Emiliano Zapata initiates land reform in the
Southern areas he controls
23IMPERIALISM
- Motives of imperialism
- Modern imperialism
- Refers to domination of industrialized countries
over subject lands - Domination achieved by trade, investment,
business activities - Two types of modern colonialism
- Colonies ruled and populated by migrants
- Colonies controlled without significant
settlement - Economic motives of imperialism
- American, British Investors made personal
fortunes - Expansion to obtain raw materials
- Colonies were potential markets for products
- Political motives
- Strategic purpose harbors, supply stations
- Overseas expansion used to defuse internal
tensions - Tools of empire
- Transportation technologies supported imperialism
- Steam-powered gunboats reached inland waters of
Africa and Asia - Railroads organized local economies to serve
imperial power - Western military technologies increasingly
powerful
24U.S. IMPERIALISM
- Westward Expansion, Manifest Destiny precede
overseas imperialism - Americans push west after American revolution
- Drove Indians from land
- US purchases Louisiana from France
- Opened up West to settlement
- Americans saw it as God-given right to occupy
continent - The Monroe Doctrine and Latin America
- 1823 proclamation by U.S. president James Monroe
- Opposed European imperialism in the Americas
- Justified American interventions in late 19th,
20th century - Used doctrine to tell France to withdraw from
Mexico in 1867 - United States purchased Alaska from Russia in
1867 - Hawaii became a protectorate in 1875, formally
annexed in 1898 - Tended to leave area open only for American
investments, loans - The Mexican American War 1846 1848
- US annexation of Texas set off conflict with
Mexico - US defeats Mexico, annexed 1/3 of Mexican
territory - Settlement of Far West, Pacific Coast, Great
Basin follows - 1867 1898
25MANIFEST DESTINYWhat one painting can tell us
26MAP OF AMERICAN IMPERIALISM
27EMPIRES IN THE PACIFIC
28ABOLITION OF SLAVERY
- Process advocated with Enlightenment, Methodism
- Ideas of equality of men becomes widespread
- Philosophes attacked slavery, slave trade
- Methodism, spreading in 18th, 19th centuries
condemned slavery - William Wilberforce campaigned to end slavery,
slave trade all his life - Process expanded by Revolutions, Womens
Movements - Many revolutionaries advocated ending slavery
- Many revolutionary governments abolished slavery
(France) - Haitian slave revolt scares American slave
holders - Women advocated end to slavery as a corollary to
gender equality - Process realized by the British and Americans
- British parliament outlawed slave trade
- US ended slave trade in 1808 (had internal slave
trade) - British, US navies enforce ban
- British emancipate slaves in 1833 throughout
their empire - Civil Wars, Emancipations and Manumissions
- Latin American revolutions abolish slavery during
revolutions - US abolished slavery through Force of Arms, Civil
War - Emancipation Proclamation 1863
29CHANGES IN WESTERN SOCIETY AFTER 1850
- The US and Canada
- Until Industrial Revolution, Americas similar
- After Revolution, Canada and US differed
- Both tended to become more like European models
- Class structure changed significantly
- Changes for workers
- Better wages
- Decrease of working hours
- Rise of leisure time
- Increased health, physical risks
- Growth of white collar work force
- Managerial
- Entrepreneurial
- Bureaucratic workers of government
- Secretarial, office workers
- Growth of blue collar work force
- Industrial
- Technical
- Miners
30AMERICAN MULTI-RACIAL SOCIETIES
- The United States
- By late 19TH century
- United States was a multicultural society
- Dominated by white elites
- Native peoples had been pushed onto reservations
- Dawes Act, 1887 encouraged natives to farm
marginal land - Slaughter of buffalo threatened plains Indians'
survival - Children sent to boarding schools, lost native
language, traditions - Freed slaves often denied civil rights
- Northern armies forced South to undergo
Reconstruction - After Reconstruction, a violent backlash
overturned reforms - South segregated blacks denied opportunities,
political rights - American women's movement had limited success
- "Declaration of Sentiments" issued by American
feminists in 1848 - Sought education, employment, and political
rights - Migrants
- 25 million Europeans to America from 1840-1914
- Hostile reaction to foreigners from "native-born"
Americans - Newcomers concentrated in districts like Little
Italy and Chinatown
31NEO-EUROPEAN CONTRASTS
- Neo-Europes
- Defined Settler colonies which came to resemble
European societies - In all practical purposes they were part of the
Western World - Argentina, Chile, Uruguay
- Indians were killed off or died off
- European percentage of population above 90
- Many of the developments common to Italy occurred
in these states - Canada
- Ethnic diversity beyond dominant British and
French populations - Significant minority of indigenous people
displaced by whites - Blacks
- Free after 1833 but not equal
- Former slaves, some escaped from United States
- Chinese migrants came to goldfields of British
Columbia, worked on railroad - Late nineteenth and early twentieth century,
waves of European migrants - Northwest Rebellion
- Led by the métis, descendents of French traders
and native women - Conflict between natives, métis, and white
settlers in west, 1870s and 1880s - Louis Riel, leader of western métis and
indigenous peoples
32LATIN AMERICAN SOCIETY
- Latin American societies
- Organized by ethnicity and color, legacy of
colonialism - European descendants dominate all aspects of
state, economic, social life - Europeanization of all aspects, classes,
activities of society - Bipolar society
- Male vs. Female
- Elite vs. Masses
- White vs. Colored (Mixed, Black, Indian)
- Urban vs. rural
- Castes
- Legally abolished by revolutions but de jure is
not de facto - Stigma of color and former status prevented much
change - Liberal reforms, Positivism sacrificed legal
rights, color for economic wealth, profit - Large-scale migration in nineteenth century
brought cultural diversity - Small number of Chinese in Cuba assimilated
through intermarriage - East Indians in Trinidad, Tobago preserved
cultural traditions - European migrants made Buenos Aires "the Paris of
the Americas - Most cultural diverse society was Brazil with
Europeans, Blacks, Indians, mixed - Male domination
33WOMEN IN SOCIETY
- Active in Revolutions, Change but limited results
1750-1914 - Women served as auxiliaries to men, would not
press changes - Women tended to lack mass support
- From legislators
- From other women
- Female revolutionaries
- Tended to put class interests above gender issues
- Favored social reform, economic relief
- Initially very influential in French Revolution
- Women belief that their place was at home, with
children - Restoration of Conservative elite often limited
any gains by women - Post-Revolutionary Era Womens Rights
- Industrialization radically altered working
womens roles publicly and privately - Women moved into the work force in great numbers
- Women began to earn some money, independence,
began to organize - Women often still held responsible for home,
children, family too - Political activism, issues resurrected by middle
class, upper class women - Learned to publish and to organize promoted
education - Political activism tended towards
34CULT OF DOMESTICITY
- Gender and Social Changes produced Industrial,
Agriculture Revolutions - Decreased death rate from child birth
- Women tend to have fewer children as more survive
- Death of women in child birth raises live span of
women over that of men - First time in history women began to live longer
than men - 19TH Century Social Ideal
- Common to West, similar traditions in non-Western
cultures - Women were expected to take care of family
- Children, home were more important
- Women expected to have children, look after the
family - Public roles of women limited
- Industrial Revolution changes, threatens ideal
- Women acquire a public role
- Women admitted to work force in great numbers
- Acquired purchasing power, influence
- Acquired increased independence from husbands
- Extra income helped family, increased family
health - Reality Was
- Female workers not treated same as males
35WESTERN CONSUMERISM AND LEISURE
- Countries
- United States, Canada, Great Britain, Australia,
New Zealand - France, Germany, Scandinavia, Netherlands,
Belgium, Austria, Italy - In Americas
- Elite of Latin America tended to share western
identity, pursuits - Elite culture confined to cities, larger
countries - Did not apply to Indians, Blacks
- Mestizos tended to copy if they had money
- Increased production created demand
- Popular consumption increases
- What was once luxury is now necessity
- Increased advertisements by industry
- Increased demand
- Increased expenditure on luxuries
- Product crazes arise
- Bicycle
- Sewing Machine
- Mass produced clothing
- Mass Leisure Culture
36DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
- Malthusian Economics
- Predicted human population always outpaced food,
supplies - Only natural disasters, wars, famine keep
population low - Did not figure in technology, inventions, science
- Key Characteristics
- Population
- Increased from 900 million (1800) to 1.6 billion
(1900) - In Europe, Asia, North America, South America
- Scientific, medical advances
- Increase life span, infant survival rate
- Decrease death rate, death of mother during
childbirth - New hygiene
- Food supply increases
- Lightly, uninhabited areas brought under
cultivation - World trade allows for foods to reach areas
quicker - Staples in world trade due to refrigeration,
canning, ships - Agronomy, animal husbandry increase yields,
variety, quality - Fruits of the Columbian Exchange
- Many nations begin to export quantities of wheat,
meat
37FROM PEASANTS TO FARMERS
- The process, while social, began with technology,
science - Agronomy and animal husbandry replaced herding
- Selective breeding, splicing, experimentation
- Crop varieties, fertilizers to enrich soil
- Farming machinery introduced
- Thrashers, reapers, seed drills, tractors
- Muscle , animal power replaced by machines
- Barbed wire was a revolution
- Transport, preservation made export possible
- Trains, ships with large holds
- Grain silos, refrigerator ships, canning, food
processors - Subsistence Agriculture becomes commercial
farming - Western Europe
- US, Canada, Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay
- Australia, New Zealand, parts of India, China,
Japan - On the other hand, in some countries
- Peasants went from masters of their own work
- To hands for someone elses work, or someone
elses work hands - Russia, Eastern Europe, Africa, parts of Latin
America, SE Asia
38COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE
- Commercial agriculture was a revolution 1750
1914 - Cash crops
- Commercial crops grown for profitable export
- Old American Crops Coffee, Sugar, Cocoa, Cotton
- Often luxuries or non-necessities with high
profit margins - Two bottlenecks (natural hindrance to profitable
production) - Many are labor intensive solution slavery,
paid agricultural workers - Many require extensive processing, preservation
to be useful solution technology - Commercial agriculture is heavily damaging to the
environment, soil - First arose during 16th century colonialism
- Caribbean, Brazilian, SE Asian plantations
- Latin American haciendas, rancheros
- First export crops sugar, hides, wool, spices
- Expanded in 18th century
- British North American colonies added tobacco,
indigo, rice - Asia added tea, coffee, opium, cloves
- Americas added cocoa, coffee
- Industrial Revolution made additional possible
more - Cotton (seeds) rubber, oil (synthesizing)
39DOMESTIC MIGRATION
- Industrialization
- Drew migrants from countryside to urban centers
- By 1900, In Europe and Anglo-North America
- 50 percent of population of industrialized
nations lived in towns - More than 150 cities with over 100,000 people
- Urban problems
- Shoddy houses, fouled air, inadequate water
- By late 19th century
- Governments passed legislation to clean up cities
- Passed building codes, built sewer systems
- Internal Migration
- Settlement of Frontiers by population centers
- Existing populations expand into plains, prairies
- Facilitated by railroads, technology
- Examples
- Westward Movement in USA, Canada, Australia
- Settlement of Siberia by Russia
- Great Trek by Afrikaaners
- Chinese settlement of Yangtze, west, Manchuria
40TRANSCONTINENTAL IMMIGRATION
- Reasons for immigration
- Factors pushing people to immigrate
- Failed revolutions, nationalisms led losers,
minorities to immigrate - Severe economic, social conditions, repressions
in Italy, Slavic lands - Overpopulation drove many to immigrate
- Contract labor immigration in India, China,
Indonesia - Factors pulling people to immigrate
- Better economic opportunities abroad
- Gold Rushes, free land, recruitment by settler
nations - From Europe 1800-1920
- 60 million Europeans migrated
- Canada, US expanded populations, settled
interiors - Germans brought sophisticated technology, culture
to US - Jews, Catholics transformed US through migration
- Eastern Europeans opened Canadian interior, made
it a grain basket - Italians transformed Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay,
Chile - Asian Immigration
- Chinese Immigration
- Businessmen allowed to settle in French, British
port cities
41MIGRATION TO THE AMERICAS
- Industrial migrants to United States and Canada
- In 1850s
- 2.3 million Europeans migrated to US, Canada
- Mostly Irish, German, English
- Number increased after from 1870s to 1920s
- Immigrant labor replaced slave labor
- Contributed to U.S. industrial expansion
- Provided labor in factories, on railroads
- Union soldiers were 1/5 immigrants
- 1852-1875
- 200,000 Chinese migrated to California
- Worked in mines and building railroads
- Provided domestic labor in West
- 1875 1920
- S. European Italians, Greeks to USA
- E. European Poles, Ukrainians, Czechs, Slovaks,
Jews to US, Canada - N. European Scandinavians to Canada
- Latin American
- Migrants mostly worked on agricultural
plantations
42BRAZIL
- Interactions
- War Home of Portuguese royal family during
Napoleonic Wars, Uruguay independence - War Triple Alliance war against Paraguay in
1870s - Diplomacy Through negotiations extended borders
against weaker states - State Structure
- 1750 Portuguese crown colony, governors
appointed by Lisbon, landed elite ruled - 1820-1888 Empire of Brazil, monarchy, social
structure based on slavery, entrenched regional
elites - Centralist vs. liberal argument dominated
politics many revolts by elites, poor in
outlying regions - 1888 Empire abolished over slavery issue,
federal republic declared, repaid slaveholders
for slaves - Heavy influence of military, regional elites,
wealthy elite in government rebellions, military
coups - Social and Gender
- 1750 Plantation casted society with minority
whites, majority black population slaves, poor
rural - Slave Trade, Slavery abolished in 1888 by decree
of Princess Regent - 1888 Society with whites, blacks, mixed
populations remained casted - Society dominated by the landed, generally white
elite poor rural blacks were landless
proletariat - Middle class began to grow in cities with rise of
industry, export workers were Italian, immigrant - Cultural
- Ruling population thoroughly Europeanized blacks
retained many African traditions - Catholicism is the only unifying force and it is
a syncretic blend many traditional African
beliefs
43BRAZIL EMPIRE TO REPUBLIC
44PERU
- Interactions
- Trade
- Exploitation of export commodities stiffened
competition among military strongmen - Expansion of silver production, wool production
for export - 1840s - 1880s rise of export of guano (bird
dung) as fertilizers for Europe massive state
revenues - Copper mines, rubber production begun with
American finance capital - War
- Wars of Independence led by Jose de San Martin
and Simon Bolivar - Peru one of last colonies to achieve independence
- War of the Pacific with Chile, allied to Bolivia
to control nitrate, copper rich area of Atacama
Desert - Chileans victorious, occupy whole coast of Peru
- During which Chinese rebel, Indians rebel in
highland military coup leads to civil war - State Structure
- After independence
- Driven by conflict between rival military
caudillos - Constant conflict between liberals (local
autonomy, reforms), centralists (centralized
state control) - 1895 New era of democratically elected rulers
- Modernized administration suppressed worst of
Indian tributes foreign interests bought up by
government - Expansion of educational opportunities
45MAP OF PERU