Physical Dev Middle

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Physical Dev Middle Late Childhood

• Lecture 12
• C6035 Human Development

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Body Growth and Proportion

• Skeletal and Muscular Systems - During elementary
  school years, children grow an average of 2 to 3
  inches a year at age 11, average girl is 410
  average boy is 49 tall
• Muscle mass strength gradually increases due to
  heredity exercise
• Tooth Development and Dental Care - Most teeth we
  have as adults begin to come in during middle
  late childhood - Permanent teeth appear at rate
  of approximately four per year for next five years

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Motor Development

• As children move through elementary school years,
  they gain greater control over their bodies can
  sit attend for longer periods of time
• They also become more fatigued by long periods of
  sitting than by running, jumping or bicycling
• Increased myelination of central nervous system
  is reflected in improvement of fine motor skills
  during this time period

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Childrens Health

• Nutrition - In middle late childhood years,
  childrens average body weight doubles
• To support their growth active lives, children
  need to consume more food
• From 7-10 years of age, they should consume 2,400
  calories per day on average

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Exercise

• 1985 School Fitness Survey of 18,857 children,
  found
• 40 percent of boys 6 to 12 years of age could not
  do more than one pull-up
• Full 25 percent could not do any
• Some experts suggest that television is at least
  partially to blame for poor physical condition of
  our nations children, while others blame schools
  for not providing more physical fitness classes

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Sports

• Participation in sports provide exercise,
  opportunities to learn how to compete,
  self-esteem, create a setting for developing
  peer relations friendships
• However it can also give children stress to
  achieve win, increase risk for physical
  injuries, distract from academic work promote
  unrealistic expectations for success on young
  athletes

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Health Problems - Obesity

• Disease and death are less prevalent in this
  period than in other periods of childhood
  adolescence
• Obesity - Obese parents tend to have obese
  children even if they are not living in same
  household, because characteristics as body type,
  height, body fat composition, metabolism are
  inherited
• If individual is 20 percent over expected weight
  for height, he or she is considered to be obese.
• When body mass index is used to define obesity in
  children, 22 percent of 6 to 19 year-olds are
  considered to be overweight

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Obesity

• Girls are more likely than boys to be obese
• if child is overweight at age 6, there is a 25
  percent probability that will become obese adult
• Diets which are moderately deficient in calories
  are more successful over long term than are those
  involving extreme deprivation of calories
• Exercise is believed to be extremely important
  component of successful weight-loss program for
  overweight children

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Cancer

• Second leading cause of death in children 5-14
  years of age
• Child cancers are mainly those of the white blood
  cells (leukemia), brain, bone, lymph system,
  muscles, kidneys, nervous system
• Children frequently have more advanced stage of
  cancer when they are first diagnosed are
  typically treated by teams of physicians in
  childrens hospitals, medical centers, or cancer
  centers

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Cardiovascular Disease

• Children with heart problems can usually be
  helped by surgery
• Unlike adulthood, most cases of cardiovascular
  disease in children are unrelated to
  environmental experiences behavior
• However schools need to teach good health habits
  in order to promote defense against heart
  problems in adulthood

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Asthma

• Incidence of asthma has risen steadily in recent
  decades
• Possibly because of increased air pollution
• Most common chronic disease of childhood
• Some children with asthma lose their symptoms in
  adolescence others do not

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Accidents and Injuries

• Most common cause of severe injury death in
  middle and late childhood is motor vehicle
  accidents, either as a pedestrian or as passenger
• Most accidents occur in or near the childs home
  or school
• Physically active school-aged children are more
  susceptible to fractures, strains, sprains than
  less active children

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Childrens Understanding of Health and Illness

• Early positive attitudes toward health exercise
  are important in childs ability to maintain
  healthy lifestyle
• Adolescents seem to have especially difficult
  time applying health information knowledge to
  their own lives
• Many adolescents appear to have unrealistic,
  overly optimistic beliefs about their immunity
  from health risks

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Children With Disabilities

• Approximately 10 percent of all children in the
  U.S. receive special education or related
  services
• Within this group, a little more than half have a
  learning disability and substantial percentages
  also have speech or language impairments, mental
  retardation or serious emotional disturbances

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Sensory Disorders

• Visual Impairments - Children with low vision
  have visual acuity of 20/70 20/100 with
  corrective lenses. Children who are educationally
  blind cannot use their vision in learning must
  use hearing touch to learn
• Hearing Impairments - Educational approaches to
  help children with hearing impairments are oral
  or manual. Oral includes using lip reading,
  speech reading, whatever hearing child has -
  Manual involves sign language finger spelling

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Physical Disorders

• Many children with physical disorders such as
  orthopedic impairments involving restrictions in
  movement because of muscle, bone, or joint
  problems, or cerebral palsy
• Cerebral Palsy disorder involving lack of
  muscular coordination, shaking, or unclear
  speech, requires special education, as well as
  related services
• Computers especially help children with cerebral
  palsy with speech voice synthesizers,
  communications boards, page turners

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Speech Disorders

• articulation, voice, fluency disorders.
• As a result a child may avoid asking questions,
  participating in discussion, or communicating
  with peers
• Speech therapy is recommended treatment for these
  children.

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Learning Disabilities

• In past two decades percentage of children
  classified as having learning disability has
  increased substantially, from less than 30 in
  1978 to little more than 50 today
• Children with learning disability are of normal
  intelligence, have difficulties in at least one
  academic are have difficulty that is not
  attributable to any other diagnosed problem or
  disorder such as mental retardation
• Among most common academic areas in which
  children with learning disability have problems
  are reading, written language, and math
• However, intensive instruction over period of
  time by competent teacher can remediate deficient
  skills of many

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Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder - ADHD

• Disability in which children consistently show
  one or more of the following characteristics over
  a period of time
• 1) inattention
• 2) hyperactivity
• 3) impulsivity

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Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder - ADHD

• The number of children diagnosed treated for
  ADHD has increased substantially, by some
  estimates doubling in the 1990s
• Many experts recommend combination of academic,
  behavioral, and medical interventions to help
  students with ADHD learn adapt more effectively
• It is estimated that about 85-90 percent of
  students with ADHD are taking stimulant
  medication such as Ritalin to control their
  behavior.

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Autism

• Severe developmental disorder beginning in
  infancy which manifests deficient social
  relationships, abnormalities in communication
  restricted, repetitive stereotyped patterns of
  behavior
• While mental retardation is present in some
  children with autism, others show average or
  above-average intelligence
• Children with autism benefit from a
  well-structured classroom, individualized
  instruction small-group instruction

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Educational Issues Involving Children with
Disabilities

• In 1983, Public Law 94-142 was renamed the
  Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
  (IDEA)
• IDEA spells out broad mandates for services to
  all children with disabilities, including
  evaluation and eligibility determination,
  appropriate education and the Individualized
  Education Program (IEP) the Least Restrictive
  Environment (LRE)

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Educational Issues Involving Children with
Disabilities

• Students with disabilities must have an IEP,
  which is a written statement that spells out a
  program specifically tailored for students with a
  disability
• Under IDEA, a child with a disability must be
  educated in the least restrictive environment
  meaning that it is as similar as possible to the
  one in which children who do not have a
  disability, are educated