From War to Cold War 2. An "Old Soldier" in War and Cold WarDouglas MacArthur

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From War to Cold War 2. An "Old Soldier" in War
and Cold War--Douglas MacArthur

• History 203
• April 25, 2007

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Scopes paper due April 30 Midterm Exam May 7

• Scopes trial papers due Mon., April 30 at class
  time. Instructions at http//www.uoregon.edu/dap
  ope/203scopes.htm
• Midterm exam essay questions and instructions are
  on the web at
• www.uoregon.edu/dapope/203midtermessays--sp07.htm
  

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Some Websites on Cold War Origins and on Douglas
MacArthur

• Cold War International History Project
• CNN Cold War History Series website
• Documents relating to the decision to drop the
  atomic bomb
• Hiroshima archive (from Lewis and Clark College)
• Cold War Policies 1945-1991 (timeline with links)
• PBS American Experience show on MacArthur
• Art and culture of occupied Japan online exhibit
• George Kennan website

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Why We Fight Morale and Propaganda on the Home
Front
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Images of the Enemy
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Total War and the Economy
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A War Economy

• War as Depression Cure?
• Growth of Big Government
• Government spending and taxing
• A Military-Industrial Complex
• A Changing Labor Force
• Fair Employment Practices CommissionRacial
  discrimination banned on Federal contracts
• Women workers Rosie the Riveter and others

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Statistics on the War Economy

• FEDERAL BUDGET AND WORLD WAR II
•                 Revenue                           
                           Expenditure
• 1939             6.6 billion                    
                               9.4 billion
• 1945                50.2 billion                  
                                  95.2 billion
•  
• UNEMPLOYMENT
• 1940        14.1
• 1944          1.2
•  
• NATIONAL DEBT AS PERCENT OF TOTAL OUTPUT
• 1940        43
• 1945       123
•  
• PROPORTION OF WOMEN  IN PAID LABOR FORCE
• 1940        19.4
• 1945        36.3

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Ending the Hot War, 1945--Europe

• Yalta ConferenceFebruary 1945
• Victory in Europe, May 8
• Spheres of Influence in Europe?
• At right Churchill, FDR and Stalin at Yalta

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Ending the Pacific War and the Decision to Drop
the Bomb

• Island Hopping and the Firebombing of Tokyo,
  March 1945
• An American invasion of mainland Japan
• How costly would it be?
• Would it be necessary?
• The question of unconditional surrender and the
  emperor

The firebombing of Tokyoperhaps 100,000 killed,
1,000,000 left homeless in a six-hour period.
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The Bomb and the Cold War

• The Manhattan Project
• Los Alamos, NM
• Bomb testTrinity site, near Alamogordo, NM
• July 16, 1945
• Truman at Potsdam Conference with Stalin and
  British prime minister
• From Trumans memoirs On July 24 I casually
  mentioned to Stalin that we had a new weapon of
  unusual destructive force. The Russian Premier
  showed no special interest. All he said was he
  was glad to hear it and hoped we would make "good
  use of it against the Japanese."

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The Bomb and the Cold War

• Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima (August 6) and
  Nagasaki (August 8) Why?
• Avoid mainland invasion?
• Keep USSR out of Asian war and limit its
  influence?
• Was there actually a decision to use the bomb?
  Truman on August 9 "Having found the bomb we
  have used it.

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Japanese Surrender
VJ day kiss, New York, Aug. 14, 1945 formal
surrender on Battleship Missouri, Sept. 1, 1945.
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American Power and the Cold War

• U.S. dominance after World War II
• The Bomb
• Economic Might
• Trumans Confrontational Style Truman
  criticizes Soviet Foreign Minister Molotov "I
  have never been talked to like that in my life,"
  and Truman said, "Carry out your agreements and
  you won't be talked to like that." Truman then
  walked out of the room.
• Postwar Soviet Union
• Great Power Destiny?
• Communist Expansionism?
• Defensive Nationalism?

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The Origins of Containment

• George F. Kennan The Sources of Soviet Conduct
• Truman Doctrine, March 1947 I believe that it
  must be the policy of the United States to
  support free peoples who are resisting attempted
  subjugation by armed minorities or by outside
  pressures.

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The Marshall Plan

• Secretary of State George C. Marshall, June 1947
  "Europe's requirements are so much greater than
  her present ability to pay that she must have
  substantial additional help or face economic,
  social, and political deterioration of a very
  grave character."

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Cold War Divided Europe, Nuclear World

• NATO (1949) and the Warsaw Pact (1955)
• Soviet Atomic Bomb, 1949
• Hydrogen BombsU.S. 1952, USSR 1953

Top NATO treaty signed in Washington, D.C.,
1949 Bottom Soviet nuclear weaponsat right, a
model like the first Russian atomic bomb, 1949
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Cold War Alliances NATO and Warsaw Pact
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General Douglas MacArthur 1880-1964
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MacArthur Making a Military Career

• A Heros Son
• Douglas MacArthur and the peacetime army
• FDR calls MacArthur one of the two most
  dangerous men in America
• Military command in the Philippines
• At this site, theres an interactive map of
  MacArthurs travels around the world throughout
  his life

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MacArthur and World War II

• Japanese attack on the Philippines, December 8,
  1941
• MacArthur to Australia, March 1942 I shall
  return.
• Repression and resistance in the Philippines
• MacArthur returnsBattle of Leyte, 1944

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MacArthur after leaving the Philippines, 1942

• The President of the United States ordered me to
  break through the Japanese lines and proceed from
  Corregidor to Australia for the purpose, as I
  understand it, of organizing the American
  offensive against Japan, a primary objective of
  which is the relief of the Philippines. I came
  through and I shall return.

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MacArthur Returns Leyte Gulf, 1944
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MacArthur and Occupied Japan

• MacArthur as reformer
• Ending emperor worship
• Land reform
• Breaking up the zaibatsu
• Women gain right to vote
• Demilitarizing Japan

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Advertisement 1945 "Let's All Make a Bright
Future for Japan Sumitomo Bank"
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(No Transcript)
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MacArthur and the Korean War

• Korea from Japanese colony to divided country
• Communist North Korea attacks South Korea, June
  1950
• MacArthur lands at Inchon, pushes N. Korea back,
  near the Yalu River border with China
• Nov. 1950China enters the war, US and South
  Korea retreat
• Early 1951 Military situation stabilizes
• For a series of Korean war maps, see
  http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/macarthur/maps/korea.
  html

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MacArthur and Truman

• MacArthur objects to Trumans interest in a
  negotiated truce, wants to pursue more aggressive
  measures
• April 1951 Truman removes MacArthur from his
  command
• MacArthurs speech to Congress Old Soldiers
  Never Die
• An Asia First strategy
• No substitute for victory
• Civilian-Military relations in a democracy