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ischemia acuta

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Title: ischemia acuta


1
ISCHEMIA ACUTA
2
Definitie obstructia brutala a unui ax arterial
Marea drama arteriala
  • Etiologie
  • 1. Embolia 70
  • 2. Tromboza 19
  • 3. Traumatism in momentul de fata o adevarata
    endemie(traumatisme rutiere)

3
Etiologie
  • Cauze embolia
  • - intrinseci tromboza
  • corpi straini
  • - extrinseci traumatisme
  • compresiuni
  • hipoperfuzii
  • blocarea intoarcerii
    venoase
  • anevrism aorta

4
Cauze de embolie
  • Arteriale ateroembolism
  • anevrisme
  • Venoase tromboflebite (phlegmatia coreulea)
  • embolie pulmonara( cr.
    presiunea)
  • Corpi straini
  • Fragmente tumorale
  • Embolia gazoasa operatii pe cord, boala de cheson
  • Embolia grasoasa traumatisme

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Cauze de tromboza
  • Degenerative
  • - ateroscleroza
  • - anevrisme
  • - hematom disecant
  • - ateroscleroza mediei( boala Monckeberg)
  • - medionecroza chistica idiopatica( boala
    Erdheim)

8
Cauze de tromboza
  • Inflamatorii
  • - B. Buerger
  • - arterita granulomatoasa
  • - periartrita nodoasa, lupus
  • - arterite nespecifice

9
Cauze de tromboza
  • Traumatisme
  • - directe
  • - indirecte
  • - cateterizari, injectii
  • - chirurgie vasculara
  • - sindrom de loja
  • Grefe arteriale
  • Afectiuni hematologice
  • Alte afectiuni
  • - boli infectioase

10
Localizare
11
Fiziopatologie
  • Obstructie brusca ischemie

  • scade pres de perf tisulara
  • spasm
    reflex
  • Tromboza secundara extensie proximal si distal
  • in cele vechi peste 12-24 ore tromboza venoasa
  • Dezechilibru intre aport-necesar de O2

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Fiziopatologie
  • Microcirculator
  • - staza capilara si edem celular
    datorat intrarii Na-iesire K
  • tromboza in microcirculatie
  • - edemul comprima capilarele accentueaza staza si
    aparitia sludge - irevers. leziuni
  • - obstr. capilara cu leucocite

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  • 1. Tulburari metabolice glicoliza
    anaeroba duce la
  • - acumulare de metaboliti
  • acid lactic, piruvic, amine vasodilatatoare
  • -acidoza metabolica/hiperpotasemie
  • distructii celulare(membrana) elibereaza K,P-
  • - distructii musculare elibereaza
  • mioglobina precipita necroza
    tubulara IRA( mioglobinurie)
  • creatinina
  • 2. Sindrom de compartiment
  • Atentie la dezobstructiile tardive

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Anatomie Patologica
  • Exista diferenta de toleranta la ischemie
  • - 4-6 ore nervii periferici(degenerescenta
    mielinica) placa neuromotorie
  • - 6-8 ore celulele musculare
  • - aprox 12 ore structuri vasculare
  • - peste 12 ore pielea si tes. Subcutanat
  • - peste 24 ore tesut osos

18
Tablou Clinic
  • Cei 6 P (G. H. Pratt)
  • - pain atroce colica arteriala a lui Fiolle
  • - pulselessness
  • - pallor
  • - paresthesia
  • - paralysis
  • - prostation

19
Tablou Clinic
  • Semne obiective
  • 1. Absenta puls FFI puls capilar
  • 2. Paloare
  • 3. Hipotermie
  • 4. Semne de prognostic intunecat
  • - cianoza
  • - marmoratie
  • - rigiditate musculara
  • - anestezie cutanata
  • - tulburari trofice flictene gangrena

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Paraclinic
  • Neinvaziv
  • - doppler periferic/cardiac
  • Invaziv
  • - angiografie

23
Esential pt. diagnostic
  • Absenta pulsului
  • Durere
  • Anamneza

24
Diagnostic diferential
  • Embolie
  • - bolnav tinar
  • - afectiune cardiaca
  • - absenta lez arteriale
  • - arteriografie
  • imag cupuliforma
  • abs lez aterosclerotice
  • abs colateralelor
  • Tromboza
  • - bolnav mai in virsta
  • - mai putin zgomotos
  • - fara afectiune cardiaca
  • - boala arteriala preexist
  • - arteriografie
  • imaginea obstructiei
  • prezenta colateralelor
  • artera patologica

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Evolutie dramatica rapida spre deces
28
Tratament
  • I. Prim ajutor
  • - diagnostic
  • - heparina cu doza de incarcare de 100-200u/kg
  • 1000U/h 5000U la 4-6 ore
  • control de anticoagulare 1,5-1,8 val de control
  • - calmarea durerii
  • - vasodilatator papaverina
  • - transport

29
Tratament
  • Medicamentos tonicardiace
  • Chirurgical
  • - embolectomie directa
  • indirecta
  • - trombendarterectomie
  • - by pass
  • - amputatii
  • Nechiurgical
  • - doze mari de heparina
  • - trombolitic
  • -radiologie interventionala

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  • Doze mari de heparina
  • 20000 u bolus
  • 2000-4000 u/ora I.v
  • Tromboliza- streptokinaza, urokinaza, activator
    recombinat al plasminogenului
  • strepto 250000 in 30 min. I.v. in 20-50 ml
    glucoza 5 100000 u/h 24-72 ore
  • uro 4400 u/kg/h 12-24 ore
  • rt-PA 100 mg in 2 ore
  • ATENTIE se poate face si local
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