Module 10 Energy Resources

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Module 10Energy Resources

• BCN 1582
• International Sustainable Development

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Overview

• Energy Terminology
• Energy Consumption
• Environmental Impacts
• Renewable Energy
• Emerging Technologies
• Building Energy Consumption

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Key Energy Terminology

• Energy the capacity for doing work or heat
• BTU, wh, Kwh, cal, Kcal
• Note work force x distance
• Power rate of energy use (1 watt 1 j/s)
• Enthalpy internal energy of a body
• Entropy measure of unavailable energy measure
  of disorder
• Exergy the part of energy that can be converted
  to all other forms how large a quantity of
  purely mechanical work can be extracted from a
  system
• Embodied Energy energy (based on source used)
  needed to extract, produce, install, and dispose
  of a product plus transport energy between stages
• Emergy energy required to make a product or
  service in solar energy starting units. Units
  used by Systems Ecology (H.T. Odum)
• Carnots Law limit on efficiency of a heat
  engine
  (Tsource-Tsink)/Tsource note Ts in absolute
  degrees

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Availability and Carnots Law
Example A coal-fired power plant operating
between 2000oF and 72oF. What is its maximum
efficiency?
Efficiency ? ? Energy Out/Energy In
100
? max (Tsource Tsink)/Tsource
((2000473)-(72473))/(2000473) 77
77
0
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Entropy
In Feynman's (1965) words "There is a great
difference between energy and availability of
energy...The availability of energy is always
decreasing. This is... what is called the entropy
law, which says the entropy is always
increasing."
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Flow of energy and matter through a system
High quality
SYSTEM e.g. the earth or a car
Energy and/or matter
e.g. sunlight or fuel
Energy and/or matter
Low quality
e.g. heat radiation or work, heat and exhaust
gases
Quality is consumed during the conversion of
matter and energy
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Energy Resources

• The production and use of energy causes more
  environmental damage than any other economic
  activity
• Coal
• Oil
• Natural Gas
• Uranium
• Pollution, waste matter, waste heat
• The consumption of energy results in both the
  depletion of finite resources, the destruction of
  eco-systems and emissions to air

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Energy CO2

• Longer chain fuel, more CO2
• Order Methane Natural Gas, Oil, Coal, Wood (in
  order of increasing carbons)
• CO2 levels at highest point in 160,000 years
• Highest average annual temperatures 1998
  (highest), 1997 (next)
• Relative climatic stability for 10,000 years-the
  end?
• Note climate system is nonlinear and can switch
  abruptly
• Stabilizing CO2 cut emissions 60-80
• Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework Convention on
  Climate Change (Dec 1997).

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Global temperatures in 2003 were 0.56C (1.01F)
above the long-term (1880-2003) average,
ranking 2003 the second warmest year on record,
which tied 2002. The warmest year on record is
1998 with an anomaly of 0.63C (1.13F). Land
temperatures in 2003 were 0.83C (1.50F) above
average, ranking third in the period of record
while ocean temperatures ranked as second warmest
with 0.44C (0.80F) above the 1880-2003 mean.
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Distribution of CO2 Emissions
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Use of Energy in Buildings
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Use of Energy in Buildings

• The built environment consumes 36 of all energy
  resources in the U.S.
• At best, only 25of the energy resources are
  applied to useful work
• As of 1995, nearly 90 of all energy production
  originated from fossil fuels

• States residential energy consumption 70,000 GWh
• The average household consumes 15,000kWh/yr,
  30-40 of which for cooling loads.

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Use of Energy in Buildings

• Electricity
• We consume great effort to gather disperse solar
  energy embodied in fossilized plants and animals
  and concentrate it into a very concentrated and
  useful form
• 75-90 of energy used in buildings

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Use of Energy in Buildings
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Use of Energy in Buildings

• Fuel (food)
• Generator (person)
• TD wires and conductors (chain)
• Electrical load (forward movement)
• Never create energy simply transform fuel
  energy to electrical energy and deliver it to
  load
• Electrical output is always less than fuel
  input

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Use of Energy in Buildings

• 60 Hz 60 cycles per second
• 60 Hz 3600 cycles per minute
• If one 2-pole magnet rotation produces one cycle,
  then magnet must spin a 3600rpm
• 4-pole 1800rpm
• 40-pole 180rpm

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Use of Energy in Buildings
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Use of Energy in Buildings
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Use of Energy in Buildings

• Steam Turbines
• Fuel boiler (oil, coal, natural gas, nuclear)
  heats water and flashes water to steam
• Expanding steam pushes turbine blades causing
  shaft and magnet rotor to rotate in stator
• Steam cools and condenses to high temperature
  liquid water to repeat process
• Gas Turbines
• Fuel and compressed air introduced together in
  combustion chamber
• Mix ignites causing rapid gas expansion
• Combined Cycle
• Waste heat from gas turbine used to generate
  steam

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Use of Energy in Buildings

• Single-cycle (gas or steam)
• 30-40 efficient
• Combined-cycle
• 60 efficient
• 150ft3 of NG contains 150,000Btu (3.413W/Btu)
• Single cycle at 30 efficiency produces 13.2kW
• Combined cycle at 60 efficiency produces 26.4kW

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Use of Energy in Buildings

• Energy use and its corresponding economic, social
  and environmental effects are driven by demand
  (user), much less by supply (utility)
• Economic reduce energy reduce costly production
  input, reduce costs, increase competitiveness
• Social reduce energy reduce foreign oil
  dependence
• Environment reduce energy reduce emissions and
  other cradle-to-grave externalities

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Use of Energy in Buildings

• 500 watt hair dryer (1,710Btuh)
• 90 dryer coil efficiency (1,900Btuh)
• 10 TD losses (2,085Btuh)
• 35 generation efficiency (5,960Btuh)
• 10 oil transport (6,555Btuh)
• 30 extraction refinement (8,520Btuh)
• Only 20 of the energy embodied in the fossil
  fuel is converted to useful work
• The rest? emitted to the environment
• Did we account for all resources that went into
  this process? Emissions that come out?

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Emissions to Air

• 1998 Electric generation emissions in Florida,
  thousands of tons

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Energy Externalities

• Externalities are consequences (usually negative)
  borne by society and the environment that are not
  charged back to those responsible
• Example emissions to air causing global warming,
  ozone depletion, etc. that cause human illnesses,
  reduced crop production, food chain detriment

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Polluter pays

• Make polluter internalize cost of pollution into
  their production costs
• Those that pollute less are more competitive
  (lower cost of production)
• How do we determine these costs?

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Pollution taxes

• Very difficult (impossible) to assign a monetary
  cost to environmental, social and health problems
  caused by pollution
• Charge pollution tax based on cost to abate
  (remove or stabilize) pollutant

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Emissions to air
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Market-based approaches

• Prescriptive point source (smoke stack,
  effluent pipe, etc.) cannot exceed certain
  emissions limits w/o penalty
• Bubble facility as a whole cannot exceed
  emissions limits w/o penalty (some point sources
  within facility can exceed limits as long as
  others compensate)
• Tradable emissions credits facilities that have
  emissions well under limits can sell credits to
  those that exceed limits to avoid penalty

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Energy and Lighting

• Option 1
• 196 mercury vapor fixtures
• 250w each
• 44.00 per lamp
• Option 2
• 160 high pressure sodium
• 150w each
• 72.00 per lamp
• Facility operates 24/7
• Lamp life 20,000hrs
• Energy cost 0.07/kWh

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Energy and Lighting

• Option 1
• Initial cost
• 196 lamps x 44.00 8,624.00
• Energy cost
• 250w x 24 x 365 2,190,000wh or 2,190kWh/yr/ea
• x 196 fixtures 429,240kWh/yr
• x 0.07/kWh 30,046.80/yr
• 20,000hrs lamp life / 8760hrs/yr 3 years
• 3 years x 30,046.80/yr 90,140.40
• Total life-cycle cost 98,764.44

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Energy and Lighting

• Option 2
• Initial cost
• 160 lamps x 72.00 11,520.00
• Energy cost
• 150w x 24 x 365 1,314,000wh or 1,314kWh/yr/ea
• x 160 fixtures 210,240kWh/yr
• x 0.07/kWh 14,716.80/yr
• 20,000hrs lamp life / 8760hrs/yr 3 years
• 3 years x 14,716.80/yr 44,150.40
• Total life-cycle cost 55,670.40

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Energy and Lighting

• 219,000kWh (62,570 tons) less heat to remove per
  year
• 7-10 tons less HVAC capacity needed
• 0.02lbs CO2 per kWh generated, 5x point of use
  4,380lbs x 5 21,900lbs of CO2

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Energy Technologies for the Future

• Compact Fluorescent Lights (CFL) Use ¼ the
  electricity for same light, last 10x as long
• Light-Emitting Diodes (LED) 2x as efficient as
  CFL, last 10x as long, emit only red and yellow
  light.
• Wind energy cheapest energy (3.9 cents/Kwh),
  growing at 25 per year
• Photovoltaics (PV) Price dropping, shipments
  increasing, price needs to drop 50-75 percent ot
  be competitive

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More Energy Technologies

• Fuel Cells
• Convert hydrogen (H2) to electricity, reverse of
  electrolysis
• Byproduct is water
• Solar powered water-splitter
• Hydrogen
• Dominant energy carrier of the 21st Century
• Technology need cheap solar water-splitter
• Natural gas is the bridge to hydrogen energy
• Buildings
• Distributed energy system
• Zero net energy buildings
• Mass produced, site-assembled

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Renewable and Alternative Power Sources

• Renewables use resources that are regenerated by
  nature in reasonable time (solar, wind, hydro,
  biomass)
• Alternative use resources more efficiently than
  conventional systems (fuel cells, flywheels)

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Photovoltaics

• Photovoltaics (PV) or photovoltaic cells are
  devices that convert light into electricity.
• Although there are several photovoltaic
  technologies, the typical cell is a thin
  rectangular or circular wafer made of boron-doped
  silicon sandwiched with a wafer of
  phosphorous-doped silicon. The wafers are wired
  together in modules.
• Thin-film technologies deposit the PV material
  directly onto glass, plastic, or metal substrate.
• Especially exciting are products that integrate
  PV directly into building materials such as
  glass, flexible shingles, and raised-seam metal
  roofing.

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PV Array at Entrance to Theme Park
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15 kW PV Array on Pentagon
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BIPV - Windows
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BIPV Skylight
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BIPV One Times Square
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USF PV Recharging Station
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Wind Energy

• The grid-connected capacity of wind energy
  systems in the United States was 1,717 MW in
  1994, almost half of the world's total installed
  wind capacity.
• However, at present, the rest of the world is
  installing wind energy capacity at 10 times the
  U.S. rate. For example, India is expected to add
  up to 1,200 MW of wind energy systems in the
  period 1994 to 2000.
• Cheapest form of energy 0.039/Kwh

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Wind Energy U.S.
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Fuel Cells
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A Fuel Cell System
Useful Heat
Clean Exhaust
Fuel Processor
Power Section
Power Conditioner
Hydrogen- Rich Gas
Fuel
DC Power
AC Power
Air

• Electrochemical Process
• Combines Hydrogen and
  
  
  Oxygen
• Produces Direct Current Power and Heat
• By-product into Exhaust

• Static Electronic Switches
• Converts Direct Current to Alternating Current
• Provides Clean Wave Form
• Includes Process Controller

• Catalytic Process
• Mixes Fuel and Steam
• Produces Fuel Cell Gas
• Adds Heat to Process

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Impacts on Air Quality Conventional Generator
vs. Fuel Cell
ROG
CO
NOx
4
SCAQMD Measured STD PC25
Average
South Coast Air quality Management District
Standard Rule 1110.2, 15 02, dry
basis Reactive organic gases (non-methane)
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Energy and Buildings

• Buildings
• 30 of U.S. energy
• 40 in other OECD countries
• Lighting 20 of U.S. electrical energy
• Appliances30-50 electrical energy
• Refrigerators 350 kWh to 30 kWh
• Washing machines 400 kWh to 40 kWh

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Possible Energy Levels

• Current U.S. Average Practice 100,000 BTU/SF/yr
  (293 Kwh/m2/yr)
• Improved 50-60,000 BTU/SF/yr (146-176 Kwh/m2/yr)
• Doable 10,000 BTU/SF/yr (29.3 Kwh/m2/yr)
• German Housing 15 Kwh/m2/yr (heating only)
• Scandinavian Goal 0 Kwh/m2/yr (heating only)

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Best Practices - Energy

• Location of building(s) versus transportation
• Passive Design heating, cooling, lighting
• Orientation, Massing
• Trade-off Thermal vs. Lighting
• Function of latitude, bioregion, altitude,
  weather, sunlight
• Envelope Resistance Infiltration Control
• High Efficiency Windows
• Renewable energy system use
• High efficiency heating and cooling systems
  careful design, control systems Factor 4
• High efficiency lighting systems controls
• High efficiency office equipment, appliances

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Concluding Thoughts

• Buildings, once designed, are set in motion to
  consume energy for 30-100 years
• Non-renewable energy sources are dwindling
  rapidly, end of oil in 2040?
• Dramatic changes in building energy efficiency
  are badly needed but doable.
• Low building energy consumption begins with
  excellent passive design
• Trade-off mechanical/electrical systems versus
  excellence in passive design