olfaction and limbic system

1
?????????? ?????
2

• Smells are surer than sounds and sights to make
  your heart-strings crack.
• - Rudyard Kipling
• ????? ? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????
• 10 000 ???????? ???????.

3
?????????? ???????

• ???????? ?????????? ???????????????? (?????) ????
  n. olfactorius.
• ???????????? ??????? ???????, ????? ???????
  ?????? ??? ?????????? ? ????????.
• ???????? ? ????????, ????????????, ?????????????
  ???????? ? ?????????????? ????????.

4
????????? ?? ???????????? ???????

• ?. ?????????? ?????????? ??????
• ?????????????.
• ????? 25 ???. ?? ????? ??????.
• ??????????? ? ??????? ????????.
• ???????????.
• ??????? ?? ? ??? ? ??????????? ???.
• ????????? ???????, ????? ???????????????
  ????????? ????????? ????????? nn. ?lfact?rii.
• ???????? ???????? ? bulbus olfactorius ?
  ????????? ??????? ? ?????????? ?????? ?
  ?????????? ?????????.

5
??? ???????????? ??????????

• ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?????????
  ??????????.
• ?????????? ?? ????????? ? ?????????? ?? ???????
  ??????.
• ???????? ?? ?? ?????????? ????????, ????? ??
  ??????? ?? ????????? ?????????.

6
??????? ????????? ????????
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Nervi olfactorii
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II. Bulbus olfactorius

• ???? ????? lamina cribrosa ?? os ethmoidale
• ? ??? ???????? ???????????? ?????.
• ??? ????????? ??????.
• ??????? 4 ???? ??????
• ?????????????? - ??????????? ????????????
• ?????????? - ????????? (??????? ?? ?? ???)
• ???????? - ????????? (??????? ?? ?? ???)
• ???????? - ??????????? ????????????
• ????????? - ?????????????? ?????????, ???????????
  ???????????? ?? ???????????? ??????? ?????
  ?????????? ??????.

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Bulbus olfactorius
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Bulbus olfactorius -???????? ??????
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?????????? ??????????? ?? bulbus olfactorius
??????????????? ???????
Glutamate (????????) GABA (???????????)
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Inside the olfactory bulb are glomeruli
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Glomeruli collect similar neurons and project
that information back to the cerebral cortex
Note how like neurons collect into a single
glomeruli
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?????? ???????
???????? ????????? ?????????.
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• ???. Tractus olfactorius
• ? sulcus olfactorius ????????? ?? ?????? ???.
• ?????? ?? ???????? ? ?????????? ??????.
• nucl. olfactorius anterior (?????????)
• ????????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ? ????????????
  ??????.
• ???? commissura anterior ???????? ????????
  ?????????? ?????? ?? ???????????????? bulbus
  olfactorius.
• ???????? ? trigonum olfactorium.
• ?V. Stria olfactoria lateralis
• ?? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ???? limen insulae
• V. Stria olfactoria medialis
• ??????? area subcalosa ? gyrus paraterminalis

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Tractus olfactorius
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V?. ?????????? ????

• ???????? ?????????? ????
• ????? uncus (???? 34 ?? ???????).
• ?????? ?? stria olfactoria lateralis.
• ?????? ?? ?? ???????????????? ?
  ?????????????????? ??????.
• ?????? ? nucl. medialis dorsalis ?? ????????,
  ????????????, ???????????? ????????.
• ???????? ?????????? ????
• ????????????? ???? ?? gyrus parahippocampalis
  (???? 28 ?? ???????).
• ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ??????.
• ????????? ?????? ??? ?????????.
• ??????????????? ????
• ??????? ?? nucl. medialis dorsalis ?? ????????
• ???????? ??????????? ?? ?????????.

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?????????? ????
19
??????????????? ????

• We need our orbitofrontal cortex to make
  intelligent choices. Its individual cells code
  for value.
• Ann Thomson, Nature Neuroscience

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?????? ? ???????????? ???????
21
???????? ???????
22
???????? ???????

• ?????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ? ??????????????
  ???????.
• ????? ???? ? ????????????? ?????????, ?????????,
  ????????? ???????, ??????????? ?????????, ???????
  ? ??????????.
• ????????? ? ?? ????????????? ???? ???????????? ?
  ????????????? ?????? ???????.
• ??????? ?????? ? ????????? (????) ????????
  ????????? ? ??????.

23
????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ? ????????
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????
????????? ?? ??????????
??????? Broca (1877) - La Grand Lobe
Limbique Papez (1937) - Limbic Circuit -
?????? MacLean (1952) - Limbic System
?????????? ????? Nauta (1972) -
Septo-hypothalamo-mesencephalic continuum
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JAMES PAPEZ (1883-1958)
PAUL BROCA (1824-1880)
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• ???????? ???????
• - ?????? ?? Paul MacLean (1952)
• - ?????????? ?????
• ????????? ?????????
• ?? ???????? ?? ??????
• Hypothalamus
• Nucleus accumbens
• Nucleus amygdaloideus
• Cortex orbitofrontalis
• Some psychiatric implications on
• physiological studies on fronto-
• temporal portions of limbic system
• (visceral brain). Electroencephalogr
• Clin Neurophysiol 4 407-418, 1952

Paul D. MacLean (1913- )
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??????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???????
?????????? ????
????????? ????? ??????? ?????
Septo-(Preoptico)-Hypothalamo- Mesencephalic
Continuum
???????????? ????????
Area septalis
Hypothalamus
?????? ?????
???????????? ????? ????????
???????? ???????
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?????????? ?? ??????
Septo- hypothalamo- mesencephalic continuum
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????? ?? ?????????? ???????
??????? ????????????? ?????? Substantia
Innominata Nucleus Basalis ?? Meynert
Pallidum Ventralis Nucleus Accumbens
(Septi) Regio Septalis Area Septalis
Gyrus Paraterminalis Gyrus Subcallosus
Nuclei Septalis ????????, ????????? ?
???????? Nuclei Septalis
Nucleus Stria Diagonalis Broca Nucleus
Stria Terminalis Corpus Amygdaloideum
Pars Corticomedialis Pars Basolateralis
Nucleus Centralis
TELENCEPHALON Lobus Limbicus Gyrus
Fornicatus Gyrus Cingulatus Gyrus
Parahippocampalis Hippocampal Formation
Hippocampus Gyrus Dentatus
Subiculum Hippocampal Rudiments
Gyrus Fasciolaris Indusium Griseum
Cortex Olfactorius (Rhinencephalon) - Lobus
Piriformis Cortex Prepiriformis
Cortex Periamygdaloideus Cortex
Entorhinalis
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Lobus Limbicus


???????????? ?? ?????? Isocortex -
Neocortex Allocortex Archicortex
Hippocampus Gyrus
Dentatus Paleocortex
Bulbus Olfactorius Lobus Piriformis
Mesocortex (Juxtallocortex,
Periallocortex, Mesallocortex) Gyrus
Cinguli
Lobus Limbicus Gyrus Fornicatus
Gyrus Cinguli Gyrus Parahippocampalis
Area Entorhinalis Isthmus
Hippocampal Formation Hippocampus
Proper (Ammons horn) Gyrus
Dentatus Subiculum Hippocampal
Rudiments Gyrus Fasciolaris
Indusium Griseum
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????? ?? ?????????? ???????
32
???????? ????

• ?? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???????????
• Archicortex
• ? ??????? ????? paleo- ? neocortex.
• ?????? ????
• ???????? ????

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???????? ????

• ?????? ????
• - gyrus cinguli
• - area subcallosa
• - gyrus parahippocampalis
• - uncus.

• ???????? ????
• - gyrus paraterminalis
• - indusium griseum
• - ???????????? ????????.

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???????????? ????????
Hippocampus Proper (Ammons horn,
Cornu Ammonis) Gyrus Dentatus Subiculum
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???????????? ????????

• Hippocampus - ?????? ????? ? ???????????
  ????????, ????????? ?? sulcus hippocampi
• - ????????? archicortex
• - stratum pyramidale - ?????????, ???????? ??
  ????????? alveus ? fimbria hippocampi
• - stratum moleculare
• - stratum radiatum
• - ?????? ?????????????????? ????
• (??1-??4)
• Subiculum (paleocortex)
• - ?????? ?? hippocampus
• - ?????? ?? corpora mamillaria ?
• nucl. anterior thalami
• Parasubiculum (paleocortex)
• - ?????? ??? gyr. parahippocampalis

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???????????? ????????
1. uncus 2. gyrus dentatus 3. fornix 4. corpus
callosum 5. gyrus fasciolaris 6. sulcus
hippocampalis 7. gyrus parahippocampal 8.
sulcus collateralis
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???????????? ???????? (????????? ??????)
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???????????? ???????? (???????? ??????)
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???????????? ???????? (???????? ??????)
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???????????? ???????? - Archicortex
Archicortex - 3 ???? Hippocampus
Proper Str. Moleculare Str.
Pyramidale Str. Polymorphe Gyrus
Dentatus Str. Moleculare
Str. Granulare Str. Polymorphe
Subiculum ???????? ??? ?????
???????????? archicortex ? ???????????
paleocortex
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???????????? ?? ??????
Isocortex 6-?????? ????
??????????? ? ?????????????
?????????? Allocortex Paleocortex
?????????? ???? - lobus
piriformis Archicortex
3-?????? ???? - ????????????
????????
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Archicortex - ?? Ramon y Cajal
7. stratum moleculare 6. stratum
lacunosum 5. stratum radiatum 4. stratum
pyramidalis 3. stratum oriens 2. alveus 1.
ependyma
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Hippocampus
45
?????????? ? ?????
?.M. - ??????? ? ?????????? ? ???????????
???????, ?????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??
??????? ?? ??????????? ?????????.
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?????????? ? ?????
48
?????? ?? ?????????????? ????????
1. ???????? ?????? ????????????? ??? 2. ????????
?????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ??? 3.
????????? ?????? fornix
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???????? ??????
?????????? ??????????? ??? 1. ??????????? ????
(??????????? ???) ? ???????? ?????? ?? gyrus
dentatus 2. ???????? ?????? (mossy fiber) ?
CA3 ????????? ?????? 3. ????????? ??????
(Schaffer collateral) ? CA1 ?????????
?????? ? subiculum ? cortex entorhinalis
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????????? ?????? ?? CA1 ????????? ???????
stratum moleculare - cortex entorhinalis
(???????????) stratum lacunosum - Schaffer
?????????? ?? CA3 stratum radiatum -
??????????? ?????? - mossy fibers ?? gyrus
dentatus stratum pyramidale - ???????
?????? stratum oriens - Golgi type 2 ??????
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???????????? ????????

• Gyrus dentatus
• - ????? fimbria hippocampi ? sulcus hippocampi
• - ?????? ????????? ? uncus
• - ????? ? gyrus fasciolaris

• ????????? archicortex
• - str. moleculare
• - str. granulare
• (???????????? ?? ????????? )
• - str. polymorphe

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????????? ??????
?? Cortex Entorhinalis ?????????? ???
?? ???????? EC ?? CA1 ? Subiculum
??????????? ??? ?? ????????? EC
?? CA1, CA2, CA3 ? Gyrus Dentatus
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Cortex Entorhinalis
1. cortex entorhinalis 2. uncus 3. fornix 4.
gyrus dentatuse 5. sulcus hippocampi 6. sulcus
collateralis
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????????? ??????
EC ???????????? ???????? ?????? Neocortex
?? ??????????? ?????? - lobus
temporalis, frontalis ???????? ???????
?? hypothalamus, amygdala, area
septalis, nucleus anterior thalami,
? ?????? ?????
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????????? ??????
FORNIX Alveus Fimbriae
Crus Commissur? Corpus Column
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????????? ??????
Fornix - ?? ????????? ?????? ??
hippocampus subiculum - 1.2 million
?????? ??? ????? ??????????????? Fornix
??????? ???? ?? Corpus Mammillare
Thalamus Anterior Nuclei Septi
Lateralis Hypothalamus Tegmentum ?? ??????
?????
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????????? ??????
?????????????? Fornix ??-????? - ??????? ??
hippocampus proper ?? Nuclei Septi Area
Preoptica Lateralis Area Hypothalamica
Anterior Nucleus Striae Diagonalis Broca
Nucleus Accumbens ????????
?????????? ?? ????? ??? Nucleus
Caudatus Putamen Amygdala Claustrum
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?????? ?? ?????????????? ??????


????????? FORNIX ?? ????????? ??????
?? hippocampus subiculum
Alveus, Fimbriae, Crus Commissure, Corpus,
Column ??????????????l Fornix ??
Nuclei Septal, Nucleus Accumbens
Area Hypothalamica Anterior
???????? ????? ??? Nucleus
Olfactorius Anterior ???????????????
Fornix ?? Corpus Mammillare
Thalamus Anterior Hypothalamus
Nucleus Stria? Terminalis
????????? Entorhinal Cortex ??????????
??? ?? ???????? EC
?? CA1 ? Subiculum ??????????? ???
?? ????????? EC ?? CA1,
CA2, CA3 ? GyrusDentatus
Gyrus Dentatuse Mossy fiber - CA3
- Schaefer fiber (CA3-CA1) ?????
Hypothalamus, Nuclei Septi, Substantia
Innominata ?????? ?????
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????????? ???????? ?????????

• 1. ???????????? ????? ????????
• 2. ????????? ????? ????????
• 3. ???????? ??????
• 4. Nucleus anterior, nucleus medialis dorsalis ?
  nuclei intralaminares thalami
• 5. Nucleus accumbems
• 6. Substantia innominata
• 7. Nuclei habenulae
• 8. ???????????
• 9. ???????? ????????????? ????

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???????? ????????? ?????????

• ???????????? ????????
• - ? ????????? ?? uncus
• - ??????????? ??? ???????????
• - ?????????, ????? ?? ?????, ???? ?
• ??????????? ??? ??????.
• ?. ??????????????? ????
• ?. ????????????? ????
• ?. ??????
• - Stria terminalis
• - ????????? ??????????????? ???

• ????????? ????? ????????
• -????????????? ????
• - ?????? ?? ?????????
• - ?????? ??? nucl. anterior thalami
• - ?????? ??? ??????????? ???? ?
• ?????? ?????

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Amygdala
L. almond
K. F. Burdachs term
63
???????????? ????? ????????
64
???????????? ????????

• ? ????????? ?? uncus
• ????????? ? ???????????? ??????? ??????????
• ???????? ????????????? ????, ??????? ???????????
• ???????? ???????-?????????????? ????? ??
  ??????????? ? ????????? ?????????
• ?????????, ?????????? ? ????????? ???????
• ??????????? ??? ???????????
• ?????????, ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????

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???????????? ????????

• ?. ??????????????? ????
• ?. ????????????? ????
• ?. ??????
• - Stria terminalis
• - ????????? ??????????????? ???

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Connections of the Amygdala
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Extended Amygdala




Extended Amygdala Central Amygdaloid
Nucleus Medial Amygdaloid Nucleus Bed
Nucleus of Stria Terminalis (BST) -
bridging cell groups directly interconnects
amygdaloid and bed nucleus of stria
terminalis (BST) which refered to as
Extended amygdala.
Connections Afferents from Intra-amygdaloid
association fibers from basolateral
amygdaloid nucleus, whic recieves wealth of
modality-specific and multimodal sensory
input from the cerebral cortex. Efferents to
Hypothalamus and Brain Stem
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Amygdaloid Nuclear Complex
Extended Amygdala
A. bed nucleus of stria terminalis B.
centromedial amygdala C. basolateral amygdala D.
cortical amygdala E. connections between
extended amygdala and amygdala
sublenticular portion of substantia
innominata 1. stria terminalis
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Amygdaloid Nuclear Complex


Emotion Amygdala
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Autism
Dysfunction of amygdala
Mercury Rising
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Entorhinal area

• Gyrus parahippocampalis ?? formatio hippocampalis
• ??????????? ???
• ???????? subiculum ?? ???? ??? hippocampus
  gyrus dentatus
• ??? ???? ?lveus
• ??-?????
• ?? ??????????? ?????????? ?? hippocampus, ?????
  ?? alveus
• ???-????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?? Alzheimers
• ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? Alzheimers

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??????

• ?. ?????????
• ?????? ?????????? ???
• ???????????, ??????????, ???????????? ????
• ???????????
• Nucleus medialis dorsalis thalami
• ????????? ?? ??????? ?????
• ?. ?????????
• ???????????, area septalis, thalamus,
  ???????????? ???????? (????????? ???????????????
  ???, ansa peduncularis)
• ???????????? ???????????? ???????? (commissura
  anterior)
• ???????? ? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????
• ????????? ?? ??????? ?????

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(No Transcript)
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(No Transcript)
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???????? ????????? ???? (???????.)

• Area septalis
• Septum precommissurale
• Nucleus tractus diagonalis (Broca)
• Septum pellucidum
• Nuclei septi pellucidi

• ??????
• Corpus amygdaloideum (stria terminalis)
• Habenula (stria medullaris)
• Corpus amygdaloideum, hippocampus (??????????
  ???????? ?? ?????)
• ??????????????? ????, ???????????, ?????? ?????
  (???????? ????????????? ??????)

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Nucleus basalis ?? Meynart

• ??? substantia perforata anterior
• ?????? ???????????? ???????
• ????????? ?? ?????????? ? ???????? ?????????
• ??????? ???????? ? ??????
• ?????? ??? ?????????? ????????
• (?????? ?? ?????????)

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Nucleus accumbens

- ????????? ?? striatum - ?????? ????? ???????? ?
??????????????? ??????? - ????????? ?? ?????????
?? ??????????????, ????????? ? ??????????.
???????? ???? ?????? ? ??????? ????????????
?????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ????.
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?????? ?? ?????????????

• Olds ? Milner (1950) ??????????? ????????? ? area
  septalis ?? ???? ? ???????????, ?? ????? ??
  ??????? ?? ??????? ?????, ????? ?? ?????????.
  ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ? ??????.
• ???? ?
• ????????? ?? ??????????
• ?????????????? (?????, ???? ? ????? ????)
• ????????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??????,
• ???????? ? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ? ??????????? ??
  ?????????? ?? ???????.

82
neucleus-accumbens.com "At a purely chemical
level, every experience humans find enjoyable -
whether listening to music, embracing a lover, or
savoring chocolate - amounts to little more than
an explosion of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens
as exhilarating and ephemeral as a
firecracker."J Madelaine Nash
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?????? ?????? ? ?????????? ???????

• 1. Fornix
• 2. Stria terminalis
• 3. ????????? ??????????????? ???
• 4. Stria medullaris thalami
• 5. ?????????? ???????? ?? Broca
• 6. Fasciculus retroflexus

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???????? ???? ?? Papez
86
???????? ???? ?? Papez
87
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