Population, Urbanization, and the Environment

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Population, Urbanization, and the Environment
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DemographyThe Study Of Human Population

• From 250,000 years ago until just 250 years ago,
  the human population hovered around 500 million
• About 1750 world population began to spike
• The world population in 2005
• 6.5 billion persons
• We add about 74 million persons annually

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Fertility

• Fertility the incidence of childbearing in a
  societys population
• Fecundity the potential for childbearing
• Crude birth rate the number of live births in a
  given year for every thousand people in a
  population
• Crude because it takes into account everybody,
  not just women of childbearing age

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MortalityThe Incidence Of Death In A Population

• Crude death rate
• Number of deaths in a given year for every for
  every thousand people in a population
• Infant mortality rates
• Number of deaths among infants under one year for
  each 1,000 live births
• Life expectancy
• Average life span of a countries population (u.
  S. 2000 74.1 for males, 79.5 for females)

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Migration Movement Of People In And Out Of A
Specified Territory

• Voluntary migration due to economic push and
  pull factors
• Involuntary migration forced migration due to
  war or other social conflict
• Immigration movement into a territory
• Emigration movement out of a territory
• Rates
• In-migration rate
• The number entering for every 1,000 people
• Out migration rate
• Number leaving for every 1,000 people in the
  territory
• Net-migration rate
• Difference between in- and out-migration numbers

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Population Growth

• Fertility, morality, and migration all affect the
  size of the population
• A handy rule of thumb for estimating population
  growth is to divide a societys population growth
  rate into the number 70

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Population Composition

• Sex ratio
• Number of males compared to number of females
• In the United States there were approximately 96
  males to 100 females because women usually
  outlive men in 2004
• In India there were approximately 106 males for
  every 100 females because women were more likely
  to abort female fetuses and parent may provide
  less care for female children in 2004
• Age-sex pyramid
• A graphic representation of the age and sex of a
  population

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Malthusian Theory Of Population Growth

• Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834), warned of
  impending doom based on population projections
• Population growth would approximate geometric
  progression (e.g., 2, 4, 8, 16) but food
  production would increase only in arithmetic
  progression (e.g., 2, 4, 6)
• Result people reproducing at rates that
  exceeded their ability to produce sufficient food
• Limits included artificial birth control (morally
  wrong) or abstinence (unlikely)
• Seen as the dismal person because war and
  famine were our future

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Demographic Transition Theory Population
Patterns Reflect A Societys Level Of
Technological Development

• Stage one (preindustrial, agrarian)
• High birth rates due to economic value of
  children and lack of birth control
• Stage two (early industrial)
• High birth rate and lowered death rate give boost
  to population growth (many of the developing
  nations today mirror this stage)
• Stage three (mature industrial)
• Birth rates begin to mask death rates as
  population surge drops as affluence transforms
  children into economic liability
• Stage four (postindustrial)
• Economic realities force drop in birth rates to
  the point where growth is stagnant or very slow

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Critical evaluation

• Malthusian Theory
• Predictions flawed, European birth rate began
  dropping by 1850
• Children becoming an economic liability rather
  than an asset
• Use of artificial birth control
• Ignored role of social inequality in world
  abundance and famine
• Blames victims for their own problems
• Demographic Transition Theory
• Without a redistribution of global resources the
  planet will be divided into industrial haves
  and non-industrial have-nots

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Global PopulationDepends Upon Which Side Of The
Equator One Is Discussing

• The low-growth north
• Zero population growth level of reproduction
  that maintains population at a steady state
• Postindustrial societies
• Have shown slow downs in birth rates
• Under-population may be a problem
• The high-growth south
• Population growth is a critical problem in
  several poor countries
• While birth rates have fallen (six to four
  children per woman), 180 nations are in trouble
  of overpopulation
• In short,
• For much of the world, mortality among children
  is dropping
• Challenge is to control birth rates in poor
  countries as we did death in the past

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Growth In U.S. Cities

• Colonial settlement (1624-1800)
• Capitalisms impact upon small villages ensured
  transformation
• Urban expansion (1800-1860)
• Towns springing up along transportation routes
• The great metropolis (1860-1950)
• Impact of civil war (factory growth) ushered in
  growth
• One-fifth of the population lived in cities
• Urban decentralization (1950- to present)
• Desertion of downtown areas for outlying suburbs

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Cities

• Metropolis and centralization
• A large city that dominates the area
• The suburbs and decentralization
• Urban areas beyond the political boundaries of a
  city
• Urban renewal efforts have gone on in attempts to
  revitalize central cities
• Megalopolis
• A vast urban area containing a number of cities
  and their surrounding suburbs SUPERCITIES

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Urban Life

• Urban life can be challenging and very different
  from early rural settings
• Ferdinand Tonnies
• Gemeinschaft close ties through kinship and
  tradition
• Gesellschaft social relations are based on
  individual self-interest
• Emile Durkheim
• Mechanical solidarity social bonds based on
  common feelings and moral bonds
• Organic solidarity social bonds based on
  specialization and interdependence
• Georg Simmel
• The development of a blasé attitude A strategy
  for social survival
• Robert Park and Louis Wirth
• Urban organization based on distinctive ethnic
  communities, commercial centers, and industrial
  districts
• A human kaleidoscope

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Critical Analysis

• Ferdinand Tonnies Louis Wirth saw the decline
  of personal ties and traditional morality
• Emile Durkheim Robert Park emphasized
  urbanisms positive points like greater autonomy
  personal choice
• Wirth and others tended to paint with broad
  strokes overlooking effects of class, race
  gender
• Cities intensify social differences observed most
  clearly when categories of people form critical
  masses

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Physical Design of Cities

• Urban ecology the study of the link between the
  physical and social dimensions of cities
• Park Burgess concentric zones
• Business districts ringed by factories ringed by
  housing
• Hoyts wedge-shaped sectors
• Industry forms along rail lines, new fashionable
  areas next to old fashionable areas
• Harris Ullmans multi-centered model
• Cities decentralize form many smaller centers

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Physical Design of Cities

• Social area analysis what people have in common
• Family patterns
• Social class
• Race ethnicity
• Berry Rees analysis ties many of the previous
  theories together

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Urban Political Economy

• Applies Karl Marxs analysis of conflict in the
  workplace to conflict in the city.
• City life is defined by people with power.
• Capitalism wealth and power in a few hands.

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Environment Society

• Ecology the study of the interaction of living
  organisms and the natural environment
• Natural environment the earths surface and
  atmosphere including living organisms, air,
  water, soil and other resources necessary to
  sustain life
• Ecosystem a system composed of the interaction
  of all living organisms and their natural
  environment
• Environmental deficit profound and long-term
  harm to the natural environment caused by
  humanitys focus on short-term material affluence

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Theories of Growth

• Logic of growth more powerful technology has
  improved our lives and new discoveries will make
  the future better
• Critical analysis progress can lead to
  unexpected problems, resources are finite
• Limits to growth humanity must implement
  policies to control growth of population,
  production and resource use to avoid
  environmental collapse (neo-Malthusians)
• Critical analysis long-range predictions are
  speculative

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Solid Waste The Disposable Society

• We consume so many products and many products
  have throwaway packaging
• Recycling reusing resources we would otherwise
  discard

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Water and Air

• Water Supply
• Water Pollution
• Air Pollution

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Environmental Terms

• Rain forest regions of dense forestation most
  of which circle the globe near the equator
• Global warming a rise in the earths average
  temperature caused by an increasing concentration
  of carbon dioxide and other gasses in the
  atmosphere
• Environmental racism the pattern by which
  environmental hazards are greatest for poor
  people, especially minorities
• Ecologically sustainable culture a way of life
  that meets the needs of the current generation
  without threatening the environmental legacy of
  future generations