Myers PSYCHOLOGY 8th Edition in Modules

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Myers PSYCHOLOGY (8th Edition in Modules)

• Module 21
• Classical Conditioning
• James A. McCubbin, PhD
• Clemson University
• Worth Publishers

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Learning

• Learning
• relatively permanent change in an organisms
  behavior due to experience

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Association

• We learn by association
• Our minds naturally connect events that occur in
  sequence
• Aristotle 2000 years ago
• John Locke and David Hume 200 years ago
• Associative Learning
• learning that two events occur together
• two stimuli (classical conditioning)
• a response and its consequences (operant
  conditioning)

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Association
Event 1
Event 2

• Learning to associate two events

Sea snail associates splash with a tail shock
Seal learns to expect a snack for its showy
antics
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Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning

• We learn to associate two stimuli

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Operant Conditioning

• We learn to associate a response and its
  consequence

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Classical Conditioning

• Ivan Pavlov
• 1849-1936
• Russian physician/ neurophysiologist
• Nobel Prize in 1904 for his work on digestive
  processes. Accidentally discovered classical
  conditioning and continued to study it.

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Pavlovs Classic Experiment
Before Conditioning
UCS (food in mouth)
Neutral stimulus (tone)
No salivation
UCR (salivation)
During Conditioning
After Conditioning
UCS (food in mouth)
CS (tone)
Neutral stimulus (tone)
UCR (salivation)
CR (salivation)
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Classical Conditioning

• Pavlovs device for recording salivation

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Classical Conditioning

• Classical Conditioning
• Classical conditioning basic learning process
  that involves repeatedly paring a neutral
  stimulus with a response-producing stimulus until
  the neutral stimulus elicits the same response as
  the response-producing stimulus
• Learning to associate one thing (a stimulus) with
  another
• Because responses occur automatically, this type
  of learning is involuntary.

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Classical Conditioning

• Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
• stimulus that unconditionally--automatically and
  naturally--triggers a response
• Does not have to be learned (conditioned) in
  order to produce a response.
• Unconditioned Response (UCR)
• unlearned, naturally occurring response to the
  unconditioned stimulus
• A response that occurs automatically the first
  time a stimulus is presented. A person does not
  have to learn (be conditioned) to have this
  response.
• Ex salivation when food is in the mouth
  increased heart-rate and blood pressure when
  given a shock.

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Ivan Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at
the mere sight of the person who regularly
brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of
this person was a(n)

• A. primary reinforcer.
• B. unconditional stimulus.
• C. immediate reinforcer.
• D. conditioned stimulus.

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Conditioning seldom occurs when a(n) ________
comes after a(n) _____.

• A. CS US
• B. UR CS
• C. secondary reinforcer operant behavior
• D. negative reinforcer operant behavior

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Researchers condition a flatworm to contract when
exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light
with electric shock. The electric shock is a(n)

• A. negative reinforcer.
• B. conditioned stimulus.
• C. conditioned reinforcer.
• D. unconditioned stimulus.

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Classical Conditioning

• Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
• originally irrelevant stimulus that, after
  association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes
  to trigger a conditioned response
• A stimulus that produces no response until a
  person (or animal) has learned (been conditioned)
  to associate it with something that does produce
  a response.
• Conditioned Response (CR)
• learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

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Classical Conditioning

• Acquisition
• the initial stage in classical conditioning
• The process by which a previously neutral
  stimulus acquires the ability to produce a
  response.
• Happens most quickly when the UCS immediately
  follows the neutral stimulus.
• Seldom happens when the UCS comes before the CS.
• Suggests that classical conditioning is
  biologically adaptive and helps people and
  animals prepare for good or bad events.

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Classical Conditioning
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If you get violently ill a couple of hours after
eating contaminated food, you will probably
develop an aversion to the taste of that food but
not to the sight of the restaurant where you ate
or to the sound of the music you heard there.
This best illustrates that associative learning
is constrained by

• A. intrinsic motivation.
• B. spontaneous recovery.
• C. biological predispositions.
• D. conditioned reinforcers.

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After getting ill from eating her friends
Thanksgiving turkey, Natalia couldnt stand the
the sight or smell of turkey. However, when her
friend baked a whole chicken, Natalia thought it
sounded good. This illustrates

• A. generalization.
• B. discrimination.
• C. extinction.
• D. acquisition.

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Classical Conditioning

• Extinction
• diminishing of a CR
• in classical conditioning, when a UCS does not
  follow a CS
• in operant conditioning, when a response is no
  longer reinforced

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Classical Conditioning

• Spontaneous Recovery
• reappearance, after a rest period, of an
  extinguished CR
• Suggests that extinction suppresses, rather than
  eliminates, a CR.
• Generalization
• tendency for stimuli similar to CS to elicit
  similar responses

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Classical Conditioning
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Generalization
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Classical Conditioning

• Discrimination
• in classical conditioning, the learned ability to
  distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that
  do not signal a UCS

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Nausea Conditioning in Cancer Patients
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Classical Conditioning
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Martin likes to shower in the mens locker room
after working out. During a shower he hears a
toilet flushing nearby. Suddenly boiling hot
water comes out of the showerhead, causing Martin
serious discomfort. Later on in the shower, he
hears another toilet flush and he immediately
jumps out from under the showerhead. In this
scenario, what is the unconditioned response
(UCR)?

• A. jumping out of the shower
• B. sound of the toilet flushing
• C. pain avoidance
• D. boiling hot water

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Brian ate a tuna salad sandwich that had become
tainted from being in the sun too long. Not long
after eating, Brian became extremely nauseated
and felt awful. After that, even the sight of a
tuna sandwich caused Brian to feel nauseated.
In this scenario, what is the conditioned
response (CR)?

• A. tuna
• B. nausea
• C. mayonnaise
• D. sight of any sandwich