An Invitation to Health Chapter 2 Psychological Health

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Why Students Seek Psychological Help
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Emotional Quotient

• Five Components
• Self-awareness
• Altruism
• Personal motivation
• Empathy
• Ability to love and be loved by family, friends,
  partners
  
• EQ isnt fixed at birth
• EQ isnt the same as intuition
• High EQ translates into more successful play,
  work, and meaningful relationships

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Spiritual Intelligence

• Definition
• The capacity to sense, understand, and tap into
  the highest parts of ourselves, others, and the
  world around us.
  
• Everyone is born with the potential to develop
  spiritual intelligence, but relatively few
  actually do.
  
• Focus on the discovery of a wisdom within.

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Spirituality

• Some ways to improve spirituality
• Prayer
• Build silence and solitude into your daily life.
• Spend time with nature.
• Keep company with wise people.
• Reflect on the nature of life and death.

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Positive Psychology

• Positive Emotions
• Hope, trust
• Positive Traits
• Wisdom, courage
• Positive Institutions
• Strong families, democracy
• Shift of focus from what is wrong to human
  strengths, virtues, and positive emotions

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Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
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Which of the following is NOT one of Maslows
physiological needs?

• Food water
• Shelter
• Sexual expression
• Sleep
• None of the above

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Values
Terminal Goals Achievements Ideal states
Instrumental Important ways of thinking and acti
ng.
(being loving or loyal)
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Self Esteem

• Definition
• Belief and pride in ourselves which develops over
  time starting in childhood.
  
• Boosting self esteem
• Positive affirmations, compliments, kudos and
  encouragement.
  
• Lowering self esteem
• Feelings of a lack of love and encouragement, and
  seeking out people who think poorly of them.

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Mood

• Definition
• A sustained emotional state that colors our view
  of the world for hours or days.
  
• Feelings come and go within minutes
• Mood Management
• Men distraction or alcohol and drug use.
• Women talking with someone or to ruminate on why
  they feel bad.
  
• Cognitive reappraisal.
• Think about what happened in a different, more
  positive light
  
• Alter your negative feelings.
• Set quick achievable goal that will spark
  success
  
• Get moving.
• Exercise the single most effective strategy

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The Mentally Healthy Individual
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Mind-Body Medicine

• Can your emotions thoughts
  influence your physical health?
  
• Immune
• Endocrine
• Neurological
• Cardiovascular
• GI
• Musculoskeletal
• Balance is the key
  to wellness!

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What is a Mental Disorder?

• Americans Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic
  and Statistical Manual, 4th edition (DSM-IV)
  
• a clinically significant behavioral or
  psychological syndrome that is associated with
  present distress or disability or with a
  significantly increased risk of death, pain, or
  disability.

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The Brain
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The NeuronThe Basic Working Unit of the Brain
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Key Neurotransmitters

• Serotonin
• Norepinephrine
• Dopamine

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Are Mens and Womens Brains Different?

• Men
• Have bigger brains.
• Have eyes which are more sensitive to bright
  light.
  
• Retain ability to see well at long distances
  longer in life.
  
• Loses brain tissue more rapidly.

• Women
• Use more neurons.
• Hears a broader range of sounds.
• Hearing remains sharper, longer.
• Responds more intensely to emotions.

The Bottom Line Neither genders brain is bette
r.
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Which of the following does NOT characterize
mens brains?

• Have bigger brains.
• Have eyes which are more sensitive to bright
  light.
  
• Use more neurons
• Loses brain tissue more rapidly

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Anxiety DisordersPhobias

• Characteristic Symptoms
• Excessive or unreasonable fear of a specific
  object or situation.
  
• Immediate, invariable anxiety when exposed to the
  object or situation.
  
• Recognition that the fear is excessive or
  unreasonable.
  
• Avoidance of the feared object or situation.
• Inability to function as usual.

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Phobias

• Treatment
• Behavior therapy including systematic
  desensitization.
  

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Anxiety DisordersPanic Attacks and Panic Disorder

• Characteristics
• Panic attack Rapid onset of dizziness or
  lightheadedness with rapid breathing or
  hyperventilation, numbness of fingers or toes,
  and a terrible sense that something horrible is
  about to happen.
• A panic disorder develops when attacks recur or
  apprehension about them affects normal daily
  function.

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Panic Attacks and Panic Disorder

• Treatment
• Cognitive-behavior therapy.
• Medication.

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Anxiety DisordersPanic Disorders

• Characteristics
• Excessive or unreasonable fear of a specific
  object or situation.
  
• Immediate, invariable anxiety when exposed to the
  object or situation.
  
• Recognition that the fear is excessive or
  unreasonable.
  
• Avoidance of the feared object or situation.
• Inability to function as usual.

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Panic Disorders

• Treatment
• Behavior therapy including systematic
  desensitization.

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Anxiety DisordersGeneral Anxiety Disorder

• Definition
• Excessive or unrealistic apprehension that causes
  physical symptoms that lasts for six months or
  longer.
  
• Characteristics
• Faster heart rate, sweating, increased blood
  pressure, muscle aches, intestinal pains,
  irritability, sleep problems, and difficulty
  concentrating.

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General Anxiety Disorders

• Treatment
• Psychotherapy
• Behavioral therapy
• Anti-anxiety drugs
• Benzodiazepines (Valium, Xanax, )
• High doses of Selective Serotonin Reuptake
  Inhibitors (SSRIs)
  

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Anxiety DisordersObsessive-Compulsive Disorder

• Characteristics
• Obsession a recurring idea, thought, or image
  that they realize, at least initially, is
  senseless
  
• Compulsion Repetitive behavior performed
  according to certain rules or in a stereotyped
  fashion.

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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

• Treatment
• Cognitive therapy.
• Behavioral therapy.
• Medications.

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Depressive DisordersCharacteristics

• Feeling depressed, sad, empty or discouraged,
  tearful.
  
• Loss of interest or pleasure in once-enjoyable
  activities.
  
• Eating more or less than usual with weight
  changes.
  
• Changes in sleep patterns
• Feeling slowed down or restless.
• Lack of energy.
• Difficulty concentrating and forgetfulness.
• Persistent thoughts of death or suicide.
• Withdrawal from others, lack of interest in sex.
• Headaches, digestive problems, aches and pains.

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Depression

• Primary Depression
• Etiology Neurotransmitter defects
• Secondary Depression
• Physical Disorders
• Side Effects of Medications

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Secondary Depression

• Physical Disorders
• Endocrine disorders
• Thyroid (hypothyroidism usually)
• Pancreas (Diabetes mellitus)
• Adrenal
• Kidney failure
• Liver failure
• Neurologic (Parkinsons, Alzheimers)
• Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
• Chronic Disease
• Cancer
• HIV/AIDS

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Secondary Depression

• Medications
• Blood pressure, certain heart medications
• Anti-anxiety agents
• Analgesics
• Others Barbiturates, sleeping pills,
  antihistamines

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Depressive DisordersTreatments

• Psychotherapy
• Cognitive-behavior therapy
• Interpersonal therapy
• Alternative Therapies
• Art, Music, Dance therapy
• Herbs St. Johns Wort
• Exercise
• Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

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Depressive Disorders

• Medications
• Act at the level of neurotransmitters
• serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine
• Drugs
• SSRIs (Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil)
• Others (Effexor, Lexapro, Welbutrin)

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The NeuronThe Basic Working Unit of the Brain
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Bipolar Disorder

• Characteristics
• Mood swings that take individuals from manic
  states of feeling euphoric and energetic to
  depressive states of despair.
  
• Involves mood swings, and changes in thinking,
  behavior and physical condition.

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Bipolar Disorder

• Treatment
• Cognitive therapy
• Behavioral therapy
• Medications

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Suicide Risk
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Factors Contributing to Suicide

• Females
• Violence.
• Medical symptoms.
• Having a friend attempt or complete suicide.
• Illicit drug use.
• History of mental health problems.

• Males
• Violence.
• Carrying a weapon at school.
• Same sex romantic attraction.
• A family history of suicide or suicide attempts.
• Skipping school.
• Illicit drug use.
• Being held back or skipping grades.

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What Leads to Suicide?
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Suicide Risk FactorsDemographic Variables

• Male
• Widowed, divorced, or separated
• Age45 years
• Living alone
• No pets
• White
• No children or children older than 18 years
• Imprisoned
• Rural

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Suicide Risk FactorsPsychological Variables

• Lack or loss of social support
• Aggressive or impulsive traits
• History of victimization
• Severe relationship conflict
• Hopelessness
• Previous suicide attempts

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Suicide Risk FactorsSocial Variables

• Gun ownership
• Decrease in socioeconomic status or poverty
• Occupational risk
• physicians, dentists, nurses, pharmacists,
  veterinarians, farmers
  
• Recent loss of employment
• Substance abuse
• Alcoholism

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Suicide Risk FactorsChronic Medical Disorders

• Neurological
• Stroke
• Spinal cord injuries
• Multiple sclerosis
• Epilepsy
• Head injury
• Severe headache
• Dementia, Alzheimers
• Cancer
• Heart disease, heart failure
• Renal disease
• Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV)
• Liver failure, chronic hepatitis (B, C)
• Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
• Chronic Pain

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Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for
suicide?

• Minority male
• Substance abuse
• Hopelessness
• Chronic medical illness
• None of the above

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Suicide Prevention

• Suicidal ideation is an emergency!
• Encourage your friend to talk.
• Dont leave friend alone.
• Dont offer trite reassurances.
• Dont be afraid to ask whether your friend has
  considered suicide.
  
• Dont think that people who talk about killing
  themselves never carry out their threat.
  
• Needs psychiatric crisis counseling ASAP.

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Attention Deficit - Hyperactivity Disorder

• Neurobiological syndrome generally characterized
  by the following symptoms that first occur before
  the age of 7
  
• Inattention
• Distractibility
• Impulsivity
• Hyperactivity
• ADD diagnosis first named in 1980 in DSM III
• Most commonly studied psychological disorder of
  childhood
  

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• Sex
• Children
• 3-5 times more common in boys
• Predominantly inattentive type found more
  commonly in girls
  
• Adults sex ratio almost 50-50
• Males are more easily identified.
• Age
• Onset of symptoms before age 7
• After childhood, symptoms may persist into
  adolescence and adulthood, or may ameliorate or
  disappear.
  
• 20 of children with ADHD maintain full dx into
  adulthood.
  
• 65 of these children will have ADHD or some
  residual symptoms as adults.
  
• Prevalence rate in adults 2-7

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Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

• Possible causes
• Genetic and biological.
• Differences in the brain
• Prenatal use of alcohol, tobacco and cocaine.
• Delivery complications.
• Postnatal problems.
• Meningitis, encephalitis, chronic lead exposure
  or severe head trauma.

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Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

• Three Primary Symptoms
• Hyperactivity
• Impulsivity
• Distractibility, inattention

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General Symptoms

• Hyperactivity
• Only when a high demand is placed on the ADHD
  childs attention (e.g., busy environment,
  crowded classroom, etc.)
  
• Impulsivity and temper explosions
• Caused not by anger, but by an apparent inability
  to endure over-stimulation, or displays of
  physical affection
  
• Attention and Concentration
• Distraction inattention by over-stimulating
  environment
  
• Inattention when a situation is low-key or dull

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ADHD More Symptoms

• Inability to manage time
• Impaired short-term memory
• Lack of adaptability

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ADHD in Adults
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Symptoms of Hyperactivity

• Fidgets with hands or feet, or squirms in seat
• Leaves seat in classroom or in other situations
  in which remaining seating is expected
  
• Runs about or climbs excessively in situations in
  which it is inappropriate
  
• In adolescents or adults feelings of
  restlessness
  
• Has difficulty playing or engaging in leisure
  activities quietly
  

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Symptoms of Impulsivity

• Is on the go or often acts as if driven by a
  motor
  
• Talks excessively
• Blurts out answers before questions have been
  completed
  
• Has difficulty awaiting turn
• Interrupts or intrudes on others

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ADHD -- Treatment

• Medications
• Neurotransmitter Dopamine
• Stimulants (Ritalin, Adderal, Focalin )
• Non-stimulant (Straterra)
• Psychotherapy
• General counseling
• Vocational rehabilitation
• Academic tutoring

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Which of the following does NOT characterize ADHD?

• Inattention
• Distractibility
• Impulsivity
• Hyperactivity
• None of the above

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Schizophrenia

• Symptoms
• hallucinations
• delusions
• inability to think in a logical manner,
• talking in rambling or incoherent way,
• odd or purposeless movements or not moving at all
  (catatonic),
  
• showing few, if any, emotions (flat affect)

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Schizophrenia -- Psychosis

• Pathophysiology
• Neurotransmitter dopamine -- increased
• Primary
• Secondary
• from drugs (i.e., cocaine, amphetamines)
• Treatment
• Drugs anti-psychotics
• Psychotherapy

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The Keys to Psychological Wellness

• Accept yourself
• Respect yourself
• Trust yourself
• Love yourself
• Stretch yourself
• Look at challenges as opportunities for personal
  growth
  
• Where and who do you want to be a decade from now?

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