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Basic data Analysis

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Title: Basic data Analysis


1
  • Basic data Analysis
  • Chapter 19 Editing and Coding
  • Chapter 20 Descriptive Data Analysis

2
Stages of Data Analysis
EDITING
ERROR CHECKING AND VERIFICATION
3
Editing
  • The process of checking for omissions,
    legibility, consistency and adjusting the data
  • And readying them for coding and storage

Coding
The process of identifying and assigning a
numerical score or other character symbol to
previously edited data
4
Birth Year Recorded by Interviewer
  • 1850?
  • 1950 more likely

5
Editing
FIELD EDITING
IN-HOUSE EDITING
6

Reasons for Editing
QUESTIONS ANSWERED OUT OF ORDER
CONSISTENCY
COMPLETENESS
  • Out of order
  • Ranking? choice
  • Choice? checklist
  • DK
  • Legitimate dont know
  • Reluctant dont know
  • Confused dont know

Plug value Discarding
  • Example
  • Five million
  • 5,000,000
  • 5 M
  • Others, specify..

7
Codes
  • The rules for interpreting, classifying, and
    recording data in the coding process
  • The actual numerical or other character symbols

1a. How many years have you been playing tennis
on a regular basis? Number of years
__________ b. What is your level of
play? Novice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
-1 Advanced . . . . . . . -4 Lower Intermediate
. . . . . -2 Expert . . . . . . . . . -5 Upper
Intermediate . . . . . -3 Teaching Pro . . . .
-6 c. In the last 12 months, has your level
of play improved, remained the same or
decreased? Improved. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. -1 Decreased. . . . . . . -3 Remained the
same . . . . . -2
8
I believe that people judge your success by the
kind of car you drive.
  • Strongly agree
  • Mildly agree
  • Neutral
  • Mildly disagree
  • Strongly disagree

1 2 3 4 5
5 4 3 2 1
2 1 0 -1 -2
9
Tips
  • Rules for Coding
  • Categories should be exhaustive
  • Categories should be mutually exclusive and
    independent
  • Coding Open-Ended Responses
  • Code book
  • Identifies each variable
  • Provides a variables description
  • Identifies each code name and position on storage
    medium

10
Data Entry
  • The process of transforming data from the
    research project to computers.
  • Recoding is the process of using a computer to
    convert original codes used for raw data to codes
    that are more suitable for analysis.
  • Var11 8 - Var1
  • Error Checking and Verification
  • Data cleaning

11
Descriptive Analysis
  • The transformation of raw data into a form that
    will make them easy to understand and interpret
    rearranging, ordering, and manipulating data to
    generate descriptive information

12
Type of descriptive analysis
Type of Measurement
Frequency table Proportion (percentage) Frequency
table Category proportions (percentages) Mode
Two categories
Nominal
More than two categories
Rank order Median
Ordinal
Arithmetic mean
Interval
Index numbers Geometric mean Harmonic mean
Ratio
13
Tabulation
  • Tabulation - Orderly arrangement of data in a
    table or other summary format
  • FREQUENCY TABLE
  • The arrangement of statistical data in a
    row-and-column format that exhibits the count of
    responses or observations for each category
    assigned to a variable
  • PERCENTAGES
  • CENTRAL TENDENCY

Type of Scale Measure of
Measure of Central Tendency
Dispersion Nominal Mode None Ordin
al Median Percentile Interval or
ratio Mean Standard deviation
14
Questionnaire An Example
15
Questionnaire An Example
16
Descriptive data analysis Sample profile
Calculated from total respondents
Calculated from respondents excluding missing
17
Descriptive data analysis Sample profile
18
Descriptive data analysis
Nominal scale data
Interval scale data
19
CROSS-TABULATION
  • ANALYZE DATA BY GROUPS OR CATEGORIES
  • COMPARE DIFFERENCES
  • CONTINGENCY TABLE
  • PERCENTAGE CROSS-TABULATIONS

20
PERCENTAGE CROSS TABULATION
21
ELABORATION AND REFINEMENT
  • MODERATOR VARIABLE
  • A third variable that, when introduced into an
    analysis, alters or has a contingent effect on
    the relationship between an independent variable
    and a dependent variable.
  • SPURIOUS RELATIONSHIP
  • An apparent relationship between two variables
    that is not authentic.

22
Elaborative Analysis an example
23
Quadrant Analysis
Importance
High Low
1,7 Easy to prepare
6,6 good taste
1,2 Fancy meal
5,2 Late night snack
Low Purchasing intention
High
24
DATA TRANSFORMATION
  • Data conversion
  • Changing original form of the data to a new
    format with a more appropriate data analysis form
  • Obtained a new variable
  • COLLAPSING A FIVE POINT SCALE an example
  • STRONGLY AGREE
  • AGREE
  • NEITHER AGREE OR DISAGREE
  • DISAGREE
  • STRONGLY DISAGREE
  • AGREE
  • NEUTRAL
  • DISAGREE

25
INDEX NUMBERS
  • Score or observation recalibrated to indicate how
    it relates to a base number
  • CPI - Consumer Price Index

Area1 41.01 0.7832 x 100
78.32 52.36 Area2 47.58 0.9087 x 100
90.87 52.36 Area3 60.49 1.1553 x 100
115.53 52.36 Total US 52.36 1.0000 x
100 100.00 average 52.36
26
CALCULATING RANK ORDER Example
  • Rank the most favorite place you would like to go
    on your vacation
  • (1most preference, 4least preference)

27
CHARTS AND GRAPHS
  • PIE CHARTS
  • LINE GRAPHS
  • BAR CHARTS
  • VERTICAL
  • HORIZONTAL

28
COMPUTER PROGRAMS
  • SPSS
  • SAS
  • SYSTAT
  • MICROSOFT EXCEL

Data Interpretation
  • The process of making pertinent inferences and
    drawing conclusions
  • Concerning the meaning and implications of a
    research investigation
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