Exploring American History Unit VII- The Beginning of Modern America Chapter 23 Section 4 Establishing Peace

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Exploring American History Unit VII- The
Beginning of Modern AmericaChapter 23 Section
4Establishing Peace
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Establishing Peace

• The Big Idea
• The United States and the victorious Allied
  Powers clashed over postwar plans.
• Main Ideas
• The costs of war included millions of human lives
  as well as financial burdens.
• President Woodrow Wilson and European leaders met
  to work out a peace agreement.
• The U.S. Senate rejected the Treaty of Versailles.

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The German Surrender the End of the War (0103)
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Main Idea 1The costs of war included millions
of human lives as well as financial burdens.

• Casualties
• Allied 5 million soldiers dead
• American 116,000 soldiers dead 200,000 soldiers
  wounded
• Central Powers 3.5 million soldiers dead
• Russia and Germany had the highest death tolls.

• Financial Losses
• 30 billion in property destroyed
• Factories and farms throughout Europe in ruins
• Allies 145 billion spent
• Central Powers 63 billion spent
• European nations deeply in debt

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The Costs of War

• Analyze- How many soldiers died from the Central
  Powers and the Allies combined in World War I?
• Draw Conclusions- Which side lost more money?
• Elaborate- What effect did the influenza epidemic
  have on American Health?

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The Influenza Pandemic of 1918 (0238)
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Influenza Epidemic

• In 1918, a worldwide epidemic of influenza, or
  flu, broke out.
• Extremely contagious
• Deadly
• Spread by air
• No known cure
• Spread by American soldiers to civilians and then
  to Europe and beyond.
• 30 million people died from the virus worldwide.
• 800,000 Americans died
• Changed life in the United States
• In Chicago, the flu more than doubled the death
  rate.
• Quarantines were implemented in some states.
• Many cities banned public gatherings, including
  school classes.

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The Great Influenza- Spanish Flu Pandemic

• In the spring of 1918 large numbers of soldiers
  in the trenches in France became ill. The
  soldiers complained of a sore throat, headaches
  and a loss of appetite. Although it appeared to
  be highly infectious, recovery was rapid and
  doctors gave it the name of 'three-day fever'. At
  first doctors were unable to identify the illness
  but eventually they decided it was a new strain
  of influenza.
• The soldiers gave it the name Spanish Flu but
  there is no evidence that it really did originate
  from that country. In fact, in Spain they called
  it French Flu. Others claimed that the disease
  started in the Middle Eastern battlefields,
  whereas others blamed it on China and India.
• Other notions of this strain of influenza's
  origin contained less-politically charged, but
  equally specious logic. According to one theory,
  poison gases used in the war, air charged with
  carbon dioxide from the trenches, and gases
  formed from decomposing bodies and exploding
  munitions had all fused to form a highly toxic
  vapor that flu victims had inhaled. Among the
  other causes advanced were air stagnation, coal
  dust, fleas, the distemper of cats and dogs, and
  dirty dishwater. A recent study argued that the
  disease was brought to the Western Front by a
  group of USA soldiers from Kansas. It
  originally most likely came from animals.

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The Great Influenza- Spanish Flu Pandemic

• The USA was also very badly affected by the
  virus. By September a particularly virulent
  strain began to sweep through the country. By
  early December about 450,000 Americans had died
  of the disease.
• The country that suffered most was India. The
  first cases appeared in Bombay in June 1918. The
  following month deaths were being reported in
  Karachi and Madras. With large numbers of India's
  doctors serving with the British Army the country
  was unable to cope with the epidemic. Some
  historians claim that between June 1918 and July
  1919 over 16,000,000 people in India died of the
  virus.
• It has been estimated that throughout the world
  over 70 million people died of the influenza
  pandemic. In India alone, more people died of
  influenza than were killed all over the world
  during the entire 1st World War.

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1918 Paris Celebrates Victory and Sends the
Troops Home 235
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Main Idea 2 President Woodrow Wilson and
European leaders met to work out a peace
agreement.

• President Woodrow Wilson developed plans for a
  postwar peace agreement.
• Known as the Fourteen Points
• Called for the creation of League of Nations, an
  international assembly of nations.
• European leaders disagreed with Wilsons vision.
• Wanted to punish Germany for its role in the war
• Wanted to prevent Germany from ever again
  becoming a world power

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Key Goals of the Fourteen Points

• End secret alliances
• Encourage free shipping
• Remove barriers to trade
• Reduce armies and navies

• Resolve colonial claims
• Support the right of people to choose their own
  government
• Settle border disputes
• Establish the League of Nations

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Paris Peace Conference
American and European leaders met at the Paris
Peace Conference, held at the palace of
Versailles, near Paris
No representatives from Russia or the Central
Powers attended.

• Allied leaders demanded that Germany
• Accept complete blame for the war
• Make reparations, or payments for war damages
• Give up large parts of its territory

Wilson reluctantly agreed to this peace
agreement, the Treaty of Versailles.
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Conflicting Needs at the Peace Conference
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The Peace Agreement

• Identify- What leaders from which countries
  attended the Paris Peace Conference?
• Explain- What two things did European leaders
  want to do to Germany?
• Evaluate- Do you agree with the reparations to be
  paid by Germany/ Why or why not?

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The Peace Agreement

• Recall- Which organization would work out
  problems after the treaty was signed?
• Evaluate- Why might the formation of the League
  of Nations have been a good idea?

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The Treaty of Versailles

• German reparations of 33 billion
• Established the League of Nations
• Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania,
  Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia became independent
  nations.
• Poland was restored as a nation
• Central Powers turned over their colonies to the
  League of Nations.
• Central Powers nations broken up

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Main Idea 3 The U.S. Senate rejected the
Treaty of Versailles.

• U.S. Constitution states that treaties must be
  ratified by at least two-thirds of the Senate.
• Wilson presented the treaty to the Senate.
• Senator Henry Cabot Lodge wanted the winners to
  set the terms of the peace and demanded changes.
• Republicans were worried about the League of
  Nations power to use military force.
• On November 19, 1919, the Senate voted and the
  Treaty of Versailles was defeated.
• The United States signed separate peace treaties
  with Germany, Austria, and Hungary.

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Wilson Tours America

• Wilson refused to compromise with reservationists
  and took his case directly to the American
  people, traveling 8,000 miles in 22 days.
• In 32 major speeches, Wilson urged the public to
  pressure Republican senators into ratifying the
  treaty, warning of serious consequences if world
  nations didnt work together.
• Wilsons heavy touring schedule weakened him, and
  after suffering a stroke in October 1919, he cut
  himself off from friends and allies.
• In September 1919, Senator Lodge presented a
  treaty to the U.S. Senate including a list of 14
  reservations, or concerns about the Treaty of
  Versailles.
• Wilson was unwilling to compromise, and the
  Senate rejected Lodges treaty on Wilsons
  instructions.
• After Wilson left office in 1921, the U.S. signed
  separate treaties with Austria, Hungary, and
  Germany, but never joined the League of Nations.
• Without U.S. participation, the Leagues ability
  to keep world peace was uncertain.

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Versailles Treaty Rejected

• Recall- What interrupted Wilsons treaty support
  tour?
• Describe- What did Wilson do to pressure
  Republican senators to vote for the treaty?
• Evaluate- Do you think it was important for the
  United States to retain total control of its
  military forces?

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Peace, Diplomacy, and Reparation (0651)
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Woodrow Wilson's Last Days (0259)
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Imperialism
Events
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The Impact of World War I
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