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Interactions between Europeans and Arabs

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In 1453, when attacked by Turks, Byzantines preferred surrender to asking Rome for aid. ... attitude created a split and ultimate reform within the church ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Interactions between Europeans and Arabs


1
Interactions between Europeans and Arabs
  • The Crusades
  • 1095 1291
  • Map

2
Crusades
3
Crusader states
  • Principality of Antioch
  • Tripoli
  • Edessa
  • Armenia

4
Major Crusades
5
Europe 1000 to 1100
6
Europe 1000-1100
7
Political Causes
  • European Expansionism
  • Conversion to Christianity of Vikings and Magyars
    removes pressure on Europe
  • Battle of Hastings, 1066
  • Authority centralized under William the Norman
  • Battle of Lechfeld, 955
  • Otto of the Germanic Holy Roman Empire defeats
    the Magyars and many of them convert
  • Christians begin advances to establish control of
    the Western Mediterranean region
  • Capture of Toledo from Moslems, 1087
  • Capture of Sicily from Moslems, 1091
  • Agricultural advances increase food supply
  • Moldboard, three field system

8
Why did Pope Urban II call for a Crusade in
1095(what did he hope to gain)
  • to unite European Christians in a common cause
  • to make the kings and noble vassals under his
    spiritual leadership
  • to return the Holy Lands to Christian control
  • Provide occasion for healing Great Schism (1064)
    on Rome's terms
  • to subject the Eastern orthodox churches to Rome
  • Obligate the Byzantines
  • Drive Turks from Anatolia

9
Why did people go on Crusades?
  • Religious convictions
  • they viewed the Holy Lands as rightfully theirs,
    and, in a Holy War, dying for the cause led to
    salvation.
  • The kings and nobles saw the opportunity for
    glory at home and the power of landholdings in
    the Middle East.
  • Merchants saw a chance for quick gain and a
    chance for trade expansion.
  • The lower classes could
  • have their taxes canceled or paid by the church
  • avoid jail by going
  • plunder for personal gain.

10
Council of Clermont, 1095
  • If any one through devotion alone, and not for
    the sake of honor or gain, goes to Jerusalem to
    free the church of God, the journey itself shall
    take the place of all penance.

11
Why Did the Crusades Fail?
  • There was never a supreme commander power
    struggles between kings, knights, and nobles led
    to disunity.
  • Poor tactics and strategy and the inability to
    adapt to military methods suitable from the
    region and the enemy.
  • Lack of geographical knowledge.
  • Refusal to swear allegiance to Byzantine emperor
    and receive his support and information.
  • Difficulties in maintaining supplies led to
    "barbarian' acts by civilized Europeans.
  • They established a castle defense only along the
    coast and never incorporated the allegiance of
    the local people.

12
Social, Economic, and Political Changes
  • improved status of women
  • improved prestige of church
  • Feudalism declined because power became more
    centralized.
  • The power of individual kings increased and
    lesser kings decreased.
  • Cultures mixed and changed
  • New products were introduced
  • Trade increased

13
Effects
  • Stimulated Trade
  • Towns grew on size and importance
  • New products plus greater mobility
  • Strengthened the Kings or Centralized Power
  • While kings and their knights were away fighting
    their territory was confiscated or conquered by a
    few left behind consolidating the territory under
    a few kings instead of many.
  • Weakened Serfdom
  • Serfs gained their freedom on the crusades and
    while their masters were away or killed moved
    into the manor or to the new towns
  • New town laws changed the base of power from the
    nobles to the leaders of the town
  • Encouraged learning

14
Upheaval in the East
  • Events in Moslem World
  • Battle of Manzikert, 1071
  • decline of Byzantine fortunes to The Battle of
    Manzikert. It is also considered one of the root
    causes for the later Crusades
  • defeat showed the Seljuks that the Byzantines
    were not invincible
  • West saw The Battle of Manzikert as a signal that
    Byzantium was no longer capable of being the
    protector of Eastern Christianity.
  • Byzantines lose Anatolia to Turks.
  • Loss foreshadows eventual end of Byzantine
    Empire.
  • Turks disrupt pilgrim traffic.

15
Call for a Crusade
  • Urban II calls for Crusade, 1095
  • Political Objectives of the church
  • Drive Turks from Anatolia
  • Obligate the Byzantines
  • Provide occasion for healing Great Schism on
    Rome's terms
  • Capture Holy Land

16
Major Events of Crusades1-8 Crusades
  • I Crusade 1097-1098
  • Achieves all major objectives in Holy Land
  • Turkish threat blunted, though not eliminated
  • Area not strategic to Moslems, could have been
    held indefinitely with a little skill.
  • Initial gains lost through diplomatic bungling.
  • Crusaders attempt to destabilize neighbors

17
Major Events of Crusades
  • II Crusade, 1147-1148
  • Military failure, discredits Crusaders as
    military threat
  • III Crusade, 1189-1191
  • Kings crusade
  • Richard I of England
  • Phillip II of France
  • Frederick I of Holy Roman Empire
  • Well-known in literature (Robin Hood)
  • Saladin
  • Battle of Acre

18
IV Crusade
  • IV Crusade, 1199-1204
  • Western-Greek relations always strained, mutual
    contempt.
  • To finance crusade, Crusaders work for Venetians
  • Crusaders sack Constantinople, 1204
  • Chance to heal Great Schism utterly lost.
  • In 1453, when attacked by Turks, Byzantines
    preferred surrender to asking Rome for aid.

19
V VI Crusades
  • V Crusade 1218-1219
  • Capture Damietta, swap for Jerusalem
  • Moslems agree
  • Crusaders try to conquer Egypt, are routed
  • VI Crusade 1229
  • Frederick II of Germany did little fighting and a
    lot of negotiation
  • Treaty gave the Crusaders Jerusalem and all the
    other holy cities and a truce of ten years
  • He was widely condemned for conducting the
    Crusade by negotiating rather than fighting.

20
VII VIII Crusades
  • VII Crusade 1248-1254
  • Led by Louis IX of France
  • Nearly an exact repeat of the Fifth Crusade
  • VIII Crusade 1270
  • Led by Louis IX of France
  • Louis brother, Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily,
    had strategic plans of his own and diverted the
    expedition to Tunisia, where Louis died.
  • The last Crusader cities on the mainland of
    Palestine fell in 1291
  • One small island stronghold lasted until 1303.

21
Lost the Battle but won the war
22
Crusades or the European incursions to the Holy
Lands
  • Lack of interest, rising European prosperity
  • Repeated military defeats
  • Discredited by "crusades" against Christians
  • Byzantine

23
Effects of Crusades
  • Fatal weakening of Byzantine Empire
  • Vast increase in cultural horizons for many
    Europeans
  • Decrease in serfdom
  • Stimulated Mediterranean trade.
  • Increased trade throughout Europe
  • Cities grew
  • Because cities grew influence of the lords
    declined serfs left the manors for the cities
    no longer needed the protection of the knights
    Feudalism was no longer effective
  • Role of the Castle changed from protection to
    residence
  • Need to transfer large sums of money for troops
    and supplies led to development of banking
    techniques.
  • Rise of heraldic emblems, coats of arms
  • Romantic and imaginative literature.
  • New products

24
Effects of Crusades
  • Knowledge introduced to Europe
  • Heavy stone masonry, construction of castles and
    stone churches.
  • Siege technology, tunneling, sapping.
  • Moslem minarets adopted as church spires
  • Weakening of nobility, rise of merchant classes
  • Enrichment was primarily from East to
    West--Europe had little to give in return.

25
European products and changes
  • Heraldic emblems
  • Shipbuilding and navigational skills increased
  • University concept was introduced based on
    Baghdad, Cairo and Cordoba models
  • Mosaics
  • Stained glass windows
  • Guitar and violin
  • Tree grafting introduced
  • Use of coined money increased
  • Gold standard established
  • National taxes
  • Cotton paper making process replaced importing
    parchment
  • The amount of writing increased
  • Handkerchief was introduced
  • Decrease in spread of disease
  • Arabic numbers, Decimals
  • Spherical trigonometry
  • Algebra
  • Sine and tangent
  • Physics and astronomy
  • Pendulum
  • Optics - Telescope
  • Cinnamon, Cloves , Mace
  • Nutmeg, Saffron, Pepper
  • Sugar cane - Syrup
  • Lemons, Apricots, Plums
  • Dates, Rhubarb, Almonds
  • Shallots, Watermelons
  • Silk, Linen cotton, Velvet
  • Pearls
  • Ivory
  • Rouge - Henna
  • Glass mirrors
  • Cotton
  • Sofa - Mattress
  • Barracks
  • Magazine
  • Arsenal
  • New alliances
  • Kings centralized political system as land
    confiscated and nobles owe allegiance directly to
    monarch
  • Towns grew in size both population and territory
  • Burgess
  • guilds
  • Merchants benefited from increased trade and
    loaned money
  • Jewish role in society changed (church usury and
    money lenders)
  • Geographic knowledge increased and cartographers
    in demand
  • New architectural styles as concentric castle
    designs introduced
  • Supreme commander concept for military
  • National armies institutionalized

26
Too many cracks
  • Crusades caused changes that created a
    questioning environment and one that was based on
    reason more than faith.
  • Although the power of the church was initially
    strengthened the questioning attitude created a
    split and ultimate reform within the church
  • Like Humpty Dumpty the castles - knights
    lords and ladies - came tumbling down
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