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Interactions

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System in which a state claims sovereignty over a foreign people, its resources, ... markets & new resources), strategic reasons, political symbolism, nationalism ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Interactions


1
Interactions
  • Transformation, Imperialism, Colonialism

2
Definitions
  • Imperialism
  • Policy of extending control over foreign entities
    either thru direct or indirect political or
    economic intervention
  • Colonialism
  • System in which a state claims sovereignty over a
    foreign people, its resources, its territory

Cecil Rhodes, From Cape to Cairo, as depicted
in a 19th c. Punch magazine.
3
Transformation in Western Europe, 16th-19th c.
  • New state types
  • emergence of the national state around 1500
  • well-defined territory
  • relatively centralized
  • Professional armies
  • New accumulation of wealth
  • New economies
  • Exploration of the New World, 1450-1700.
  • Industrial capitalism

4
W. European Transformation
  • New ideas
  • Science and Enlightenment
  • Development of a new scientific discourses
  • New identities
  • Us and Them, Civilized world and
    uncivilized world, Orient Occident
  • gradual emergence of nationalism

5
French invasion of Egypt, 1798-1801
Right, Geromes Napoleon in Egypt (1863)
A romanticized painting of Napoleon inspecting a
mummy at the Pyramids.
6
Transformations in Ottoman rule, 19th century
  • Ottoman reform The Tanzimat, 1830s-1870s
  • New centralization
  • New technologies (railroad)
  • New education
  • New institutions
  • Nationalism
  • loss of Ottoman territories
  • Communal violence
  • Reform new powers (Egypt)
  • Erosion of Ottoman economic and political
    independence
  • Capitulations
  • European protection of non-Muslim minorities
  • 1881 Public Debt Administration

7
Age of Empire, 1875-1914
  • Growing global division between the very powerful
    and the not powerful
  • Rise of colonial empires
  • Between 1876 1914 about 25 of the worlds land
    surface distributed as colonies among about 6
    states (E. Hobsbawm)
  • Reasons economics (new markets new resources),
    strategic reasons, political symbolism,
    nationalism
  • New European colonialism in the Middle East
    Direct Indirect colonialism
  • British outposts on the Arabian Peninsula, 1799
  • New settler colonialisms in North Africa
  • French annexation of Algeria, 1834
  • British administrative occupation of Egypt, 1882
  • Russian and British imperialism in Iran

In the late 19th c. around 60 of Britains
cotton exports went to India further east
8
Imperialism in Africa, late 19th-early 20th
century
9
Empires twilight World War I and its aftermath
  • Choosing the wrong side The Ottomans in WWI
  • Secret European agreements
  • Istanbul Agreement Russia, England, France
    Russia gets Istanbul and the straits Arabs get
    Arabia and much of the rest of the Arab world
  • Sykes-Picot Agreement Britain and France
  • Husayn-McMahon Correspondence
  • Balfour Declaration

10
Sykes-Picot Agreement
11
New Maps the Mandate System
  • League of Nations-sanctioned
  • certain parts of the world were put under
    trusteeship of various victorious European
    powers
  • British mandates in the MidEast Palestine, Iraq,
    Transjordan
  • French mandates in the MidEast Syria, Lebanon

12
Outside the Mandate
  • True independence Turkey
  • Mostly independent Yemen, S.Arabia
  • Direct colonial rule Libya (Italy) Algeria,
    Morocco, Tunisia (French)
  • External control influence Iran (Britain,
    Russia, U.S.), Egypt (Britain)
  • British treaties of protection Kuwait, Oman,
    U.A.E.

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