Prof' Bruno Pierri Istituzioni politiche angloamericane e analisi dei linguaggi specifici

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Prof. Bruno Pierri Istituzioni politiche
anglo-americane e analisi dei linguaggi specifici

• United Nations Structure and Language
• Security Council Resolution 242 of 1967
• April 23rd, 2009

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United Nations A Short History

• Failure of League of Nations
• World War II
• San Francisco Conference
• Stalin, Roosevelt (Truman), Churchill (Attlee)
• International Organisation with aim to facilitate
  cooperation in international law, security,
  economic development, social progress, human
  rights, and world peace
• Initially 51 member States
• Currently 192 member States
• Headquarters in New York City

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United Nations General Assembly

• Main deliberative body, composed of all members
• Assembly meets in regular sessions under
  president elected from among member States
• When General Assembly votes on important
  questions, two-thirds majority is required
• Each member has one vote
• GA Resolutions usually non-binding
• Recommendations on any matter, except peace and
  security

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United Nations Security Council

• Security Council charged with maintaining peace
  and security
• Binding decisions that member governments have
  agreed to carry out
• Security Council is made up of 15 member States,
  consisting of 5 permanent and 10 non-permanent
  members
• Permanent members hold veto power over
  substantive but not procedural resolutions power
  to block adoption but not to block debate of a
  resolution
• SC Resolutions adopted if there is three-fifths
  majority (9 out of 15), if not vetoed by any
  permanent member

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UN Secretariat and Secretary-General

• Secretariat headed by Secretary-General, who is
  assisted by international civil servants. It
  provides studies, information, and facilities
  needed by United Nations
• Secretary-General's duties include helping
  resolve international disputes, administering
  peacekeeping operations, organizing international
  conferences, gathering information on
  implementation of Security Council decisions
• De facto spokesman and leader of the UN
• Secretary-General can bring to the SCs attention
  "any matter which in his opinion may threaten the
  maintenance of international peace and security

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Six-Day War, 1967

• Decade from 1956 to 1967 was peaceful time in
  Arab-Israeli relations
• Settlement of Suez, 1956-1957
• UN forces in Sharm-el-Sheik, Gaza border
• Prevented terrorist raids
• Secured Israeli access to Red Sea

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Six-Day War, 1967

• Water dispute
• A) In 1964 Israel began withdrawing water from
  Jordan River
• B) In 1965 Arab states began construction of
  Headwater Diversion Plan to divert waters
  (banias, Hasbani, Yarmuk) before they entered
  Israel, to flow instead into a dam for use by
  Jordan and Syria
• C) Israel Defence Forces (IDF) attacked diversion
  works in Syria
• D) Prolonged chain of border violence
• E) In 1966 Baathist party comes to power in
  Syria
• Close ties with USSR
• Terrorist operations and raids into Israel

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Six-Day War, 1967

• In May 1967 USSR warns Egypt of Israeli attack on
  Syria
• Soviets were clearly wrong
• UN inspections found no Israeli preparations
• Egypt expelled United Nations staff from Sinai
• Egypt amassed 1,000 tanks and nearly 100,000
  soldiers on the border with Israel and blocked
  Straits of Tiran
• Nasser threatened to wipe out Israel
• Syria began shelling Israeli civilians from Golan
  Heights

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Six-Day War, 1967

• On June 5, 1967, Israel launched pre-emptive
  attack
• Jordan then attacked West Jerusalem
• On June 10 Israel had gained control of Sinai
  Peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank, East Jerusalem,
  Golan Heights
• Diplomacy UNSC Res 242, Nov 22, 1967

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UNSC Resolution 242, 1967Glossary

• Concern preoccupazione
• Just and lasting peace pace giusta e duratura
• To undertake impegnarsi, assumere un impegno
• fulfillment realizzazione
• Claim rivendicazione
• states of belligerency stati di belligeranza
• acknowledgement riconoscimento
• settlement soluzione
• refugee profugo
• provisions indicazioni

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Main Points of Resolution

• inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory
  by war sentence condemning Israel, but also
  Arabs who want to destroy Israel
• just and lasting peace in which every State in
  the area can live in security every State
  means also Israel. Condemnation of Israeli
  occupation, but also recognition of Israeli right
  to live in peace within secure and recognized
  borders
• Withdrawal of Israeli armed forces from
  territories occupied in the recent conflict -
  Semantic argument is about whether Israel's
  obligations include withdrawal from all the
  territories occupied or whether these obligations
  could be satisfied by withdrawal from part of the
  territories
• French version vs. English version
• A) French version
• Retrait des forces armées israéliennes des
  territoires occupés lors du récent conflit.
• B) Original English version absence of
  definite article "the"
• C) Drafters support Israeli version if we had
  put in the or all the, that could only have
  meant that we wished to see the 1967 boundaries
  perpetuated in the form of a permanent frontier.
  This I was certainly not prepared to recommend
• D) Arabs and their supporters say Israel must
  withdraw from all territories
• E) Language unclear because in any case either US
  or USSR would have vetoed Resolution
• F) France's ambassador to the UN stated that
  correct interpretation is that "the" is not added
  to the text. French position is that Israel does
  not need to withdraw from all occupied territories

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Main points of Resolution

• Termination of all claims or states of
  belligerency and respect for and acknowledgement
  of the sovereignty, territorial integrity and
  political independence of every State in the area
  and their right to live in peace within secure
  and recognized boundaries free from threats or
  acts of force however we interpret first
  sentence, Resolutions says that no real peace
  possible unless every State in the area
  (including Israel) is able to live in peace
  within recognized borders. Hence, borders must be
  object of negotiation and Arabs cannot threaten
  destruction of Israel
• freedom of navigation through international
  waterways in the area Suez Canal, which Arabs
  had always denied for Israel
• just settlement of the refugee problem
  recognition of rights of Palestinians, who are
  not nominated, because no one, not even Arab
  States, wanted another Arab independent State

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UNSC Resolution 242, 1967

• Supporters of the "Israeli viewpoint" focus on
  the phrase calling for "secure and recognized
  boundaries" and note that resolution calls for
  withdrawal "from territories"
• Supporters of Arab viewpoint" focus on phrase
  emphasizing "inadmissibility of the acquisition
  of territory by war", and note that certain,
  though unofficial, translations say "from the
  territories"