Chapter 13 Urbanization and Creating Livable Cities Central Case: Managing Growth in Portland, Orego

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Chapter 13 - Urbanization and Creating Livable
Cities Central Case Managing Growth in
Portland, Oregon

• In 1973, Portland experienced major development
  threats.
• Senate Bill 100 required jurisdictions to draw up
  land use plans in line with statewide guidelines.
• The plans would focus growth in urban centers and
  encourage walking and mass transit.

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Urban centers are growing rapidly

• Most people live in smaller cities and suburbs.
• because
• More people are moving from farms to cities than
  from cities to farms.
• The population overall is growing.

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Urbanization
Worldwide, 20 cities hold more than 10 million
people Urban populations are growing
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Urbanization

• Urban populations are growing and rural
  populations are shrinking, especially in the
  developing world.

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Urbanization and Sprawl

• In Las Vegas, population increased more than
  fivefold, and the developed area increased more
  than threefold from 1972-2002.

1972
2002
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Causes of sprawl

• Two main components of sprawl
• Human population growth
• Per capita land consumptioneach person takes up
  more land.

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Uncentered commercial strip development
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Low-density single-use development
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Scattered (leapfrog) development
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Sparse street network
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Problems with sprawl

• Transportation Sprawl forces people to drive
  cars.
• Pollution Increased driving causes increased air
  and water pollution.
• Health Sprawl promotes physical inactivity
  because driving replaces walking during daily
  errands.
• Land use More land is developed and less is left
  as forests, fields, farmland, or ranchland.
• Economics Sprawl funnels tax dollars into
  infrastructure (e.g., roads) for new development.

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Problems with sprawl

• Traffic congestion is a common impact of sprawl.

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City planning

• Parks, greenways, and efficient transportation
  played a key role in early city planning, the
  professional pursuit that attempts to design
  cities so as to maximize their efficiency,
  functionality, and beauty.

Daniel Burnhams 1909 Plan of Chicago
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Zoning
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Urban growth boundaries
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Smart growth
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New urbanism

• New urbanism seeks to design neighborhoods on a
  walkable scale, with homes, business, schools,
  and other amenities all close together for
  convenience.

This plaza is part of a new urbanist community in
Florida.
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Transportation

• Portland, Oregon, and Curitiba, Brazil, are two
  success stories in creating livable cities.
• Key components are
• Strong public transportation
• Pedestrian and bike friendly
• Zoning to limit sprawl
• Environmental education
• Self-sufficient neighborhoods

Public transport in Portland
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Transportation
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Parks and open space

• Forest preserves wind through the suburbs
  surrounding Chicago.

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Urban sustainability

• Environment impacts of urban resource
  consumption
• Resource sinks Cities and towns must import
  resources from widespread sources beyond their
  borders.
• Efficiency Cities should minimize consumption by
  maximizing the efficiency of use and
  distribution.
• More consumption Because cities draw resources
  from afar, their ecological footprints are much
  greater than their actual land areas.

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Urban sustainability

• New York City has protected watershed land to
  minimize pollution and protect the quality of its
  drinking water.

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Urban sustainability

• Urban centers
• Preserve land. Because people are packed densely
  together in cities, more land outside cities is
  left open and undeveloped.
• Suffer and export pollution. Just as cities
  import resources, they export wastes.
• Foster innovation by promoting a flourishing
  cultural life and mixing diverse people and
  influences.

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QUESTION Review
Which is NOT something modern city planners might
do to make a city more livable?

• a. Develop a new light rail line
• b. Encourage neighborhood shops and restaurants
• c. Eliminate bicycle lanes on city streets
• d. Revise zoning codes to limit sprawl
• e. Create a new city park in place of an
  abandoned warehouse

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Discussion Question

• How livable is your town or city?
• a. Its very livable it is well planned and
  pleasant to live in.
• b. Its fairly livable, but there are some
  problems that should be improved.
• c. Not so good there are a lot of problems.
• d. Terrible I want to move out.

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QUESTION Interpreting Graphs and Data

• Which of the following describes the above
  results?
• a. Large-rail cities have more traffic
  fatalities than bus-only cities.
• b. Large-rail cities outperform bus-only cities.
• c. Small-rail cities have lower transport costs
  than bus-only cities.
• d. Small-rail cities have higher auto mileage
  than bus-only cities.