A GUIDE TO MAKING CLIMATE QUALITY METEOROLOGICAL AND FLUX MEASUREMENTS AT SEA

1
A GUIDE TO MAKING CLIMATE QUALITY METEOROLOGICAL
AND FLUX MEASUREMENTS AT SEA

• Frank BradleyCSIRO Land and Water, PO Box 1666,
  Canberra 2601, Australia
• Chris FairallNOAA/PSD, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO
  30305, USA

With contributions from Liz Kent, Bob Weller, Ed
Andreas, Peter Taylor, Shawn Smith, Mike
Reynolds, Eric Schulz, Will Drennan
2
Readership - scope of handbook

• Intended for very broad readership
• -- Seagoing scientists
• Ship technical staff
• Project PIs
• Students
• Oceanographers
• Meteorologists
• Modellers
• So how to cater for those who require detail and
  those who simply need a cook-book?

3

• CONTENTS
• BACKGROUND
• QUICK REFERENCE
• FLUX MEASUREMENTS FROM SHIPS AND BUOYS
• 1. The air-sea fluxes
• 2. Basic variables input to bulk algorithms
• 3. Bulk-flux meteorological sensors
• 4. Measurement systems
• 5. Particular problems on ships and buoys
• 6. Location of instruments
• 7. Instrument calibration
• 8. Intercomparisons
• 9. Documentation (metadata)
• 10. Securing the data
• 11. Bulk flux algorithms
• Appendices

4
QUICK REFERENCE (6 pages) S1 Instruments and
Calibration S2 Installation (location and
exposure) S3 Documentation and event logging S4
Monitoring and maintenance S5 Recording and
securing the data Table of required sensor
accuracies
5

• CONTENTS
• BACKGROUND
• QUICK REFERENCE
• FLUX MEASUREMENTS FROM SHIPS AND BUOYS
• 1. The air-sea fluxes
• 2. Basic variables input to bulk algorithms
• 3. Bulk-flux meteorological sensors
• 4. Measurement systems
• 5. Particular problems on ships and buoys
• 6. Location of instruments
• 7. Instrument calibration
• 8. Intercomparisons
• 9. Documentation (metadata)
• 10. Securing the data
• 11. Bulk flux algorithms
• Appendices

6
Major issues to be resolved during discussion of
Handbook (1)

• Table 1 agree on appropriate and realistic
  accuracies
• How to ensure Handbook covers both RVs and VOS
  installations
• Derivation of true windspeed over water, over
  ground
• Convention and nomenclature for SST
• Catalogue of bulk flux algorithms
• References and sectionalized bibliography
  (suggest topics)
• How to help novice operators make sound judgments
  on sensor locations
• What to do about the Ron Brown (and other NOAA
  ship?) hourly GTS reports
• Appendix A content
• Publication of hard copy

7
Major issues to be resolved during discussion of
Handbook (2)
8
(No Transcript)
9
(No Transcript)
10
Bibliography - topics

• Bulk algorithms
• Ship observation corrections
• Technology (e.g. JTech articles)
• Field Campaigns (BAMS descriptions)

11
Appendices
A Useful formulae, parameters, and conversions
B The TOGA-COARE Bulk Flux Algorithm C
Infra-red radiative flux errors caused by objects
in the field of view D Examples of
meteorological observations and fluxes E Useful
web-sites F Data stewardship example SAMOS
Initiative References Bibliography
12
Appendix A useful formulae, parameters, and
conversions
Psychrometer equation Humidity conversions Relativ
e-True wind speed and direction (vs. ocean
relative) Could be own appendix. Adiabatic lapse
rate barometric pressure to MSL Buck/Tetens sat
vp Cp, Lv, ?, s, e, R Air density PIR
formula Rainfall mm/hr to Wm-2 Height
conversions Beaufort scale Outgoing
longwave Knots to m/s and miles to km Glossary of
nautical and geophysical terms appearing in the
handbook?
13
1. The air-sea fluxes 1.1 Introduction 1.2
Turbulent fluxes 1.3 Radiative fluxes 1.4
Freshwater flux 1.5 Net surface fluxes
14
2. Basic variables input to bulk algorithms 2.1
Introduction 2.2 Air temperature 2.3
Humidity 2.4 Atmospheric pressure 2.5 Wind
speed and direction 2.6 Sea surface
temperature 2.7 Radiation 2.8 Precipitation
15
3. Bulk-flux meteorological sensors 3.1
Introduction 3.2 Temperature 3.3 Humidity 3.4
Atmospheric pressure 3.5 Wind speed and
direction 3.6 Sea temperature 3.7
Radiation 3.8 Precipitation
16
4. Measurement systems 5. Particular problems on
ships and buoys 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Wind
flow distortion 5.3 Sea spray and salt
contamination 5.4 Ship and buoy motion 5.5
Exhaust contamination
17
6. Location of instruments 6.1
Introduction 6.2 Temperature 6.3
Humidity 6.4 Wind speed and direction 6.5 Sea
temperature 6.6 Radiation 6.7 Rainfall
18
7. Instrument calibration 8. Intercomparisons
8.1 Portable standards 8.2 Replication of
sensors 8.3 Field intercomparisons 9.
Documentation (metadata) 9.1 Introduction 9.2
The basics 9.3 Sensor calibration and
history 9.4 Instrument location 9.5 Digital
photographs
19
10. Securing the data 10.1 Introduction 10.2
Data storage 10.3 Data archival 11. Bulk flux
algorithms