ISSUES IN SPORTS

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ISSUES IN SPORTS
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THREATS TO THE INTEGRITY OF SPORT

• Academic issues
• Breaking the rules to gain competitive advantages
  
• Pressures to win
• Violence
• Gambling
• Arms race
• Excessive commercialization
• Drug abuse

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PERFORMANCE-ENHANCING DRUGS IN SPORTS
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PERFORMANCE-ENHANCING DRUGS IN SPORTS

• Sources trainers, doctors, coaches, and
  teammates
• Drug testing http//www.ncaa.org/library/sports_sc
  iences/drug_testing_program/2003-04/2003-04_drug_t
  esting_program.pdf
• National Center for Drug Free Sport, Inc.
  administers the NCAA testing program
• 4th Amendment guarantee of rights against
  unreasonable searches (urinalysis)
• 14th Amendment adds state protection

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GIRLS AND WOMEN IN SPORTS

• Historically excluded from competitive sports
  because they were considered to be
• Harmful physically
• Harmful emotionally
• Too aggressive (non-feminine)
• Gradual changing societal opinion
• Persistence of sexual stereotypes
• Commercials
• Cheerleaders

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TITLE IX COMPLIANCE AREAS

• Financial assistance (scholarships) must be
  available on a substantially proportional basis
• Program areas so that males and females receive
  equivalent treatment, benefits, and
  opportunities, such as equipment and supplies and
  practice and competitive facilities
• Interests and abilities of male and female
  students are equally effectively accommodated

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TITLE IX THREE-PRONG TEST

• Participation opportunities are substantially
  proportionate to the undergraduate enrollment.
• There must have been a continuing practice of
  program expansion in response to developing
  interests and abilities of the under represented
  sex.
• An institution must show that the interest and
  abilities of the members of the under represented
  sex have been fully and effectively accommodated.

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TITLE IX How Informed Are You?

• ______ 1. All educational institutions today are
  in full compliance with Title IX of the 1972
  Education Amendments because it is federal law.
• ______ 2. Title IX applies only to those programs
  in an educational institution that directly
  receive federal financial assistance.
• ______ 3. No federal money has ever been lost
  because of a violation of Title IX.

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TITLE IX How Informed Are You?

• ______ 4. Title IX permits those mens teams that
  generate revenue to receive additional financial
  aid and program benefits as long as these
  benefits are paid for out of the revenues that
  are produced by these sports.
• ______ 5. The three-part test used for
  determining participation opportunities requires
  the elimination of mens sports teams in order to
  achieve proportionality.

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TITLE IX How Informed Are You?

• ______ 6. The ratio of males and females within
  the undergraduate student body is used as the
  basis for determining whether participation
  opportunities for males and females are
  substantially proportional.
• ______ 7. One way to comply with the
  participation opportunities required by Title IX
  is to provide the same number of mens teams as
  womens teams.

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TITLE IX How Informed Are You?

• ______ 8. Title IX requires the expenditure of
  the equal amount of funds for mens
  intercollegiate athletics as for womens
  intercollegiate athletics.
• ______ 9. Title IX requires that coaches of
  womens teams receive the same salaries as the
  coaches of mens teams.
• ______ 10. An institution found guilty of
  violating Title IX risks having to pay
  compensatory and/or punitive damages.

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EQUALITY FOR MINORITIES

• Excluded from professional leagues and most
  colleges and schools (prior to 1940s)
• Quota system (historically through 1990s)
• Stacking (historically through 1990s)
• Academic exploitation (is this continuing?)
• Economic exploitation (is this continuing?)
• Limited opportunities for coaching and management
  positions (changing gradually)

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ISSUES FOR MINORITIES IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS

• Tracking in high school
• Sliding scale for high school grades and college
  entrance tests
• Non-qualifiers and grants-in-aid
• Tutorial support
• Grants-in-aid to only the highly skilled
• Skills in certain sports vs. opportunities

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EQUALITY FOR SENIOR CITIZENS

• Biases limiting prior opportunities
• Living longer and quality of life issues
• Increased political and economic influence
• Masters competitions
• 1987 Senior Games

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EQUALITY FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH SPECIAL NEEDS

• 1975 Education for All Handicapped Children Act
  (IDEA Individuals with Disabilities Education
  Act)
• 1978 Amateur Sports Act
• 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act
• 1952 Paralympic Games
• 1968 Special Olympics

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GOALS FOR YOUTH SPORTS ATHLETES PERSPECTIVES

• Have fun
• Learn sport skills
• Spend time with friends
• Feel successful
• Have something to do

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FOR PARENTSYOUTH SPORTS SHOULD HELP THEIR
CHILDREN

• Win (Did you win is always the first question
  parents ask their children.)
• Learn sport skills so they can earn a
  grant-in-aid or become a professional athlete
• Share their interest in sports
• Keep active (give them something to do)
• Play games in an organized, supervised, and safe
  environment
• Develop teamwork, cooperation, self-discipline,
  and sportsmanship
• Learn how to work with others (social skills)

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PROBLEMS IN YOUTH SPORTS

• Pressure to win (at all costs)
• Poorly trained coaches
• Parental interference and pressure
• Loss of values or ideals (cheating)
• Injury risks ignored
• Violence and gamesmanship

• Sport specialization
• Only the skilled play the others sit on the
  bench
• Restricted to one position
• Financial burden on parents and disruptive to
  families
• Not fun any more

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PROPOSED CHANGES IN YOUTH SPORTS

• Making sure that having fun is most important
• Developing sports skills
• Emphasizing playing several sports, not
  specializing in one sport
• Playing every child in each game and in different
  positions
• Educating coaches so they will teach skills,
  strategies, and rules in developmentally-appropria
  te ways
• Matching youths abilities and maturity levels
• Keeping the games and participants safe

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PROPOSED CHANGES IN YOUTH SPORTS

• Educating parents so they model proper behaviors
• Giving each child an equal opportunity to strive
  for success
• Deemphasizing winning
• Giving certificates of participation, not
  trophies
• Eliminating individual awards and tournaments
  that reduce playing opportunities
• Avoiding all-star and traveling teams
• Teaching and modeling values like cooperation,
  discipline, fair play, respect, responsibility,
  sportsmanship, and teamwork

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INTERSCHOLASTIC SPORTS

• Viewed as an important part of the educational
  and extracurricular activities of students
• So students can
• Develop their sport skills
• Learn teamwork, cooperation, self-discipline, and
  sportsmanship
• Keep active and physically fit
• Play fun-filled games in an organized,
  supervised, and safe environment
• Provide a shared activity for students, schools,
  and communities

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VALUES OF INTERSCHOLASTIC SPORTS

• Using leisure time more productively
• Developing physical fitness and sport skills
• Learning and displaying sportsmanship and ethical
  behaviors
• Gaining greater self-discipline
• Learning how to work as a member of a team

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PROBLEMS FACING INTERSCHOLASTIC SPORTS

• Lack of adequate funding
• Lack of adequate facilities and equipment
• Lack of qualified coaches for all sports
• Lack of parental and school support
• Lack of emphasis on teaching educational values

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ISSUES IN INTERSCHOLASTIC SPORTS

• Too much emphasis on winning
• Year-round conditioning programs
• Specialization in one sport
• Athletes playing while hurt
• Coaches jobs depending on winning
• Drug use and abuse
• Unsportsmanlike conduct (violence)
• No pass, no play
• Hazing

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ISSUES IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS

• Academics
• Preferential admissions
• Missed classes
• Freshman eligibility
• Unearned grades
• Failure to graduate
• Addressing academic issues
• Satisfactory progress
• Degree designation
• Academic Progress Rate

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ISSUES IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS

• Recruiting violations
• Contacts
• Transcript tampering
• Inducements
• Pressures to win
• Sports as businesses (commercialization)

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ISSUES IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS

• Loss of educational and ethical values
• Loss of institutional control
• Media exposure and influence
• Point shaving and gambling
• Drug use and abuse

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PROPOSED CHANGES IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS

• When coaches and athletes violate athletic
  regulations, such as drug abuse or gambling
• Sanction them for the first offense
• Give a two-year probation for the second offense
• Ban violators for life for the third offense
• Withhold from an institution for five years one
  grant-in-aid for every athlete who does not
  graduate within six years

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PROPOSED CHANGES IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS

• Base coaches job security and salaries not on
  their won-lost records but on the fulfillment of
  their other job responsibilities and the
  provision of positive experiences for their
  athletes
• Restrict schedules of all sports to no more than
  one day of competition per week while classes are
  in session

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PROPOSED CHANGES IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS

• Excuse athletes from classes no more than five
  days per academic year for travel and competition
• Admit only those athletes who meet the academic
  standards of admission to the colleges they
  attend
• Limit grants-in-aid to tuition, fees, and books,
  and award them only on the basis of need

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PROPOSED CHANGES IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS

• Guarantee grants-in-aid
• Make freshmen ineligible
• Eliminate trivial recruiting rules
• Make it illegal for a booster to offer money to a
  college athlete
• Pay student-athletes

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MODERN OLYMPIC GAMES

• Founder Pierre deCoubertin
• Purposes
• Spread physical education and sports around the
  world
• Raise the standard of physical achievement,
  especially in France
• Link all people of the world in friendship

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ISSUES WITH THE OLYMPIC GAMES

• Drug abuse
• Politics
• Commercialization
• Cheating

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POSSIBILIITES FOR THE REFORM OF THE OLYMPIC GAMES

• Build a permanent Olympic Center that would be
  open year-round for championships
• Enlarge the Olympic Games to include more sports
  during more days
• Reduce excessive displays of nationalism during
  award ceremonies, such as anthems
• Enlarge and revamp the membership of the
  International Olympic Committee
• Remove team sports competition
• Make the Olympic Games annual events