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GeographyPlanning 379: Urban Growth

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Title: GeographyPlanning 379: Urban Growth

1

Geography/Planning 379 Urban Growth
Development
Lecture 2 The Evolution of Urban Form
Historical Urban Transportation Development
Eras
The Pedestrian City (16071830)
The Omnibuses and Early Railroads
First Innovations to Increase Mobility
(18301860)
3. The Horsecar Era (18601895)
(Cable Cars A Transitional Mode,
1870s1900)
4. Streetcar Suburbs (18951949)
5. The Demise of the Streetcar The Great
Transportation Conspiracy (1930s 1940s)
6. The Freeway Age (1950?)
Reading
Required Kaplan et al. TEXTBOOK, Ch. 3,
58-7072-82 (skip Central Place Theory
section)
Supplementary Yeates Garner
www.u.arizona.edu/plane/geog379.html

2
Just how rapid is recent Population Growth in
the Tucson Metropolitan Area?
By comparison, World growth rate 1.3
3
How Sprawled out is Tucson?

Approximate City of Tucson Population Density 5
People per Acre (3,338 People per Square Mile)
By Comparison New York City back in 1850 136
People per Acre
Per Person

Tucson, 2000 91 x 91
NYC 1850 18 x 18

4
The Pedestrian City (ca. 1607-1830)

Why begin with the year 1607?
Structure of pre-Industrial Revolution cities in
U.S. like in Europe
Where were cities located what were their
functions?
Early manufacturing located only on waterfront or
took place in craft shops in homes
Simple land use map would show three zones
I Waterfront
II Homes of Well-to-do and public bldgs
III General population craftshops stores

I
III
II
Harbor
5
The Pedestrian City (ca. 1607-1830)

Riding to work too expensive until the 1860s for
average person had to live nearby in walking
distance
Irony land was essentially limitless from the
perspective of the Colonists, but people in the
cities lived packed together.
Nation was overwhelmingly a rural one 1790, only
5 of the population was living in urban places
(recall definition!)
Why werent there more people in the cities?
Concept of Agricultural Surplus

6
The Pedestrian City (continued)

7
Omnibus and Early Railroads First Innovations to
Increase Mobility (1830 1860)

The Omnibus invented in France, ca. 1826
First U.S. lines in 1830s
Cart drawn by 2 horses
Only carried 12 passengers
Started many traditions of U.S. public
transportation traveled fixed routes with
designated stops and a flat-rate fare
This was first real public transportationThe
only for-hire transportation before this
hackney coach (like horse-era taxi cab)
prohibitively expensive except for the wealthiest

8
A 19th Century Paris Omnibus
Wikipedia (public domain photo)
9
Omnibus and Early Railroads First Innovations to
Increase Mobility (1830 1860)

10
Omnibus and Early Railroads First Innovations to
Increase Mobility (1830 1860)

New transportation increased social separation
Wealthier business people could escape congested
central areas and ride to workplace
They did a lot of riding -- they went home for
lunch, so 4 trips per day
Still true today that higher income people travel
more than lower income
Top 20 income group accounts for 33 of travel
Bottom 20, only 9

11
Omnibus and Early Railroads First Innovations to
Increase Mobility (1830 1860)

12
The Horsecar Era (1860 1895)

Early ordinances banned the railroads as
dangerous
Railroads had to pull trains into stations using
teams of horses
This, though, led to invention of the horsecar
railway (aka horsecar)
Horsecars immensely successful! Huge demand
Building costs NYC street railways
214,000/mile all US railways 43,000 Why?
The costs of Common Councils and Aldermen are
included in the right-of-way costs. American
Railway Times (ca. 1850)

13
A horsecar
Wikipedia (pubic domain photo)
14

15
Advances in Urban Transportation from 1830 to
1895 (Omnibus and Horsecar) Resulted in

A radial, monocentric pattern of growth (with
focus of commerce in old walking city)
Increased mobility for upper high middle income
groups
Increased social separation because the poor
and lower-income workers could not afford to
leave the slums in the old walking city
The emergence of specialized business and
residential districts
The separation of business districts into
sections for particular functions

16
During the horsecar era

Cities now extended 8 10 miles out from old
pedestrian city core
Transportation still too expensive and slow (5-8
mph max.) for the masses to move out
Not just the fare was unaffordable Typical work
day 10 13 hours workers lacked the time to
commute very far
Tenement areas with incredibly high densities
still increasing, despite success of horsecar
railways

What would replace the horsecars?
Big problem with horsecars the horses!
The Great Epizootic killed over 2,000 horses in
Philadelphia in 3 weeks
Tried elevating steam railways failure
Cable cars were a transitional mode 1870s
1900
Key concept of cable car separate steam power
source from vehicle
Real break-through electrification!
The trolley car, aka electric streetcar, the
electric traction line to be continued

18
POP QUIZ Name________

Put the following forms of transportation in the
correct order of chronological adoption in
American cities
Electric Streetcar or Trolley Car
Omnibus
Automobile
Horsecar Railway

ANSWER

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