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Title: Indiana%20Wesleyan%20University


1
Indiana Wesleyan University
  • Ethics Presentation
  • Thomas N. Davidson, J.D.

2
Ethical Models
  • Deontological ethics or deontology (Greek Deon
    meaning obligation or duty) is a theory holding
    that decisions should be made solely or primarily
    by considering one's duties and the rights of
    others. If the act is good, then ethical even if
    bad outcome and vice versa.

3
Ethical Models
  • Consequentialism (Teleological Model) refers to
    those moral theories that hold that the
    consequences of a particular action form the
    basis for any valid moral judgment about that
    action. Thus, on a consequentialist account, a
    morally right action is an action which produces
    good consequences. The act may look bad, but if
    good result, then ethical.

4
Ethical Models
  • Utilitarianism is the ethical doctrine that the
    moral worth of an action is solely determined by
    its contribution to overall utility.

5
Ethical Models
  • The Kantian-Utilitarian Principle emphasis doing
    the most good at the expense of the least amount
    of people. It recognizes that there may be a
    means to an end. But it is only ethical if as few
    people as possible are treated as means to the
    end that brings good the greater number.

6
Ethical Models
  • Egoism is belief that one ought to do what is in
    one's own self-interest, although a distinction
    should be made between what is really in one's
    self-interest and what is only apparently so.
    What is in one's self-interest may incidentally
    be detrimental to others, beneficial to others,
    or neutral in its effect.

7
Ethical Models
  • Altruism is an ethical doctrine that holds that
    individuals have an ethical obligation to help,
    serve, or benefit others, if necessary at the
    sacrifice of self interest.

8
Ethical Models
  • The ethic of reciprocity or "The Golden Rule" is
    a fundamental moral principle found in virtually
    all major religions and cultures, which simply
    means "treat others as you would like to be
    treated." It is arguably the most essential basis
    for the modern concept of human rights. Principal
    philosophers and religious figures have stated it
    in different ways.

9
The Golden Rule
  • "Thou shalt not avenge, nor bear any grudge
    against the children of thy people, but thou
    shalt love thy neighbor as thyself I am the
    LORD." Moses (ca. 1525-1405 BCE) in the Torah
    Leviticus 1918
  • "This is the sum of duty do naught onto others
    what you would not have them do unto you." from
    the Mahabharata (51517) (ca. 500BCE)
  • "What you do not wish upon yourself, extend not
    to others." Confucius (ca. 551479 BCE)
  • "What is hateful to you, do not to your fellow
    man." Hillel (ca. 50 BCE-10 CE)
  • "Do unto others as you would have them do unto
    you." Jesus (ca. 5 BCE33 CE) in the Gospels,
    Matthew 712, Luke 631, Luke 1025
  • "Hurt no one so that no one may hurt you."
    Muhammad (c. 571 632 CE) in The Farewell
    Sermon.

10
Ethical Models
  • Religion conform to Gods will.
  • Codified Ethics formal written rules.
  • Natural Law what is good is that which is
    natural.
  • Ethics of Care meet the needs of those
    concerned.
  • Ethics of Virtue conform to the Golden Mean.

11
Golden Mean
  • Area Defect Mean Excess
  • Fear Coward Courage Reckless
  • Pleasure Insensitive Control Indulgence
  • Money Stingy Generous Extravagant
  • Anger Apathy Gentle Hot-head
  • Truth self-dep. Truthful Boastful

12
Business Ethics
  • Business ethics is a form of the art of applied
    ethics that examines ethical rules and principles
    within a commercial context, the various moral or
    ethical problems that can arise in a business
    setting, and any special duties or obligations
    that apply to persons who are engaged in commerce.

13
Business Ethics Competing Views
  • Obey the law is enough.
  • Social Responsibility (Obligation beyond just
    following laws to pursue long-term goals that are
    good for society).
  • Exclusive Benefit Rule.
  • Free Market will ensure public benefit.

14
Business Ethics Practices
  • Price Fixing (secretly conspiring to keep prices
    high).
  • Manipulation of Supply (conspiring to drive up
    prices).
  • Exclusive Dealing Agreements (retailer agrees not
    to purchase from others or sell outside of a
    certain area).
  • Tying Agreements (supplies on condition that
    buyer agrees to purchase other goods).
  • Retail Price Maintenance (supplies only to
    retailers who agree to sell at same price).
  • Price Discrimination (charging different prices
    to different buyers to drive out competition).
  • Refusal to deal.

15
Business Ethics Views
  • Do nothing.
  • Antitrust.
  • Regulation.

16
Business Ethics Remedies
  • Free Markets.
  • Contracts.
  • Duty to comply with claims and assertions.
  • Duty to disclose defects.
  • Duty to not misrepresent.
  • Duty to not coerce.
  • Due Care.
  • Strict Liability.
  • Implied warranty of merchantability.

17
Consumer Rights
  • TO
  • Be informed.
  • Choose.
  • Safety.
  • Be heard.
  • John Kennedy, 1962

18
Apologia
  • Act or omission.
  • Cognitive Dissonance.
  • Rationalization that transforms the act or
    omission to being ethical.
  • Cognitive dissonance is a psychological term
    which describes the uncomfortable tension that
    comes from holding two conflicting thoughts at
    the same time.

19
Apologia
  • I didnt get anything for it.
  • It wasnt illegal.
  • He made me do it.
  • He had it coming.
  • Everyone else is doing it.
  • If I didnt some one else would have.

20
Ethical Judgment Analysis
Free will
Effects to others
Motive
Model
Act or Omission
21
Tort Ethical Analysis
Likelihood of Harm Gravity of Harm lt gt Cost
to reduce or eliminate the risk
22
Gravity of Harm or Good
  • Intensity strength of pain or pleasure.
  • Duration how long it lasts.
  • Certainty how sure we are of outcome.
  • Propinquity how soon the pain or pleasure
    starts.
  • Fecundity probability the pain or pleasure will
    be followed by more pain or pleasure.
  • Purity probability the pain or pleasure will be
    followed by more of the same.
  • Extent the number of people effected.

23
Ethical Problem Solving
  • Consider
  • Benefit and harms caused by each alternative
  • Which alternative
  • Best respects moral rights.
  • Best promotes common good.
  • Does not discriminate or shows favoritism.
  • Best promotes virtues.

24
Things to consider
  • Relativism What is good or immoral changes over
    time.
  • Absolutism What is wrong is always wrong.
  • Situational Ethics. I choose which model of
    ethics to follow depending on the circumstances.

25
Judeo Christian Model of Ethics
  • Holiness
  • Justice
  • Love

26
Holiness
  • Devotion to God and ethical purity.
  • Zeal for God.
  • Purity reflects Gods moral perfection
  • Accountability reward for good and punishment
    for bad.
  • Humility we realize how short from God we fall.

27
Justice
  • Rights and Duties.
  • Due Process.
  • Procedural.
  • Substantive.
  • Merit cause and effect.
  • Contractual work harder get more than others.
  • Equal protection.
  • Avoid Harshness.

28
Love
  • Relationships.
  • Empathy.
  • Mercy.
  • Sacrifice of rights.
  • Balance with your rights and needs.
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