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Title: Age%20of%20Early%20European%20Explorations%20


1
The Age of Early European Explorations Conquests
By Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS
Chappaqua, NY Edited By Adam Stonehill
2
Earlier Explorations Pre Colombian Discoveries
  • Islam the Spice Trade ? Malacca
  • A New Player ? Europe
  • Nicolo, Maffeo, Marco Polo, 1271
  • Expansion becomes a state enterprise ? monarchs
    had the authority the resources.
  • Better seaworthy ships.
  • Chinese Admiral Zheng He the Ming Treasure
    Fleet

3
Admiral Zheng He
  • Each ship was 400 long and 160 wide!

1371-1435
4
Zheng Hes Voyages
  • In 1498, Da Gama reached Calcutta, Chinas
    favorite port!

5
A Map of the Known World, pre-1492 (Geocentrism
vs Heliocentrism)
6
Motives for European Exploration
  1. Crusades ? by-pass intermediaries in trade routes
    to get to Asia. (Muslim Empires)
  2. Renaissance ? curiosity about other lands and
    peoples.
  3. Reformation ? refugees missionaries. (spread
    your type of Christianity)
  4. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.
  5. Technological advances.
  6. Fame and fortune.

7
New Maritime Technologies
Better Maps Portulan
Hartman Astrolabe(1532)
Mariners Compass
Sextant
8
New Weapons Technology
9
Prince Henry, the Navigator
  • School for Navigation, 1419
  • Created an atmosphere conducive to exploration

10
Portuguese Maritime Empire
  • First European oceanic explorers
  • West Africa first (forts established)
  • First Europeans to reach wealthy Indian ocean
    trade by Vasco da Gama
  • Gain eastern territories of Pope Alexander VIs
    Treaty of Tordesillas
  • Main colonies are Brazil (Sugarcane, most slaves
    of any colony) and East Indies (spices)
  • Decline with rise of Dutch and English by 1700.

11
The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 The Popes
Line of Demarcation
12
Museum of Navigationin Lisbon
13
Portuguese Maritime Empire
  • Exploring the west coast of Africa.
  • Bartolomeo Dias, 1487.
  • Vasco da Gama, 1498.
  • Calicut.
  • Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (Goa, 1510
    Malacca, 1511).

14
Christofo Colon 1451-1506 (Christopher Columbus)
15
Columbus Four Voyages
16
Other Voyages of Exploration
17
Ferdinand Magellan the First Circumnavigation
of the WorldEarly 16c
18
Atlantic Explorations
Looking for El Dorado
19
The First Spanish ConquestsThe Aztecs
vs.
Fernando Cortez
Montezuma II
20
The Death of Montezuma II
21
Mexico Surrenders to Cortez
22
The First Spanish Conquests
The Incas
vs.
Francisco Pizarro
Atahualpa
23
Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill
24
Why would the 'Columbian Exchange' be considered
the tsunami of unintentional "bio-terrorism"??
25
The Columbian Exchange
Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes
Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine
Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO
Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE
Syphilis
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice
Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley
Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats
Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE
Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox
Flu Typhus Measles Malaria
Diptheria Whooping Cough
26
Cycle of Conquest Colonization
Explorers
Conquistadores
OfficialEuropeanColony!
Missionaries
PermanentSettlers
27
Treasuresfrom the Americas!
28
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
29
The Slave Trade
  • Existed in Africa before the coming of the
    Europeans.
  • Portuguese replaced European slaves with
    Africans.
  • Sugar cane sugar plantations.
  • First boatload of African slaves brought by the
    Spanish in 1518.
  • 275,000 enslaved Africans exportedto other
    countries.
  • Between 16c 19c, about 10-50 million Africans
    shipped to the Americas.

30
Slave Ship
Middle Passage
31
Coffin Position Below Deck
32
African CaptivesThrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships!
33
European Empires in the Americas
34
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Mulattos
Native Indians
Black Slaves
35
Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New
World
  • Encomienda or forced labor.
  • Council of the Indies.
  • Viceroy.
  • New Spain and Peru.
  • Papal agreement.

36
The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church
Our Lady of Guadalupe
Guadalajara Cathedral
Spanish Mission
37
Father Bartolome de Las Casas
  • New Laws ? 1542

38
New Colonial Rivals
  • Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to
    dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.
  • Spain in Asia ? consolidated its holdings in the
    Philippines.
  • First English expedition to the Indies in 1591.
  • Surat in NW India in 1608.
  • Dutch arrive in India in 1595.

39
New Colonial Rivals
40
Impact of European Expansion
  1. Native populations ravaged by disease.
  2. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into
    Europe created an inflationary economic
    climate.Price Revolution
  3. New products introduced across the continents
    Columbian Exchange.
  4. Deepened colonial rivalries.

41
5. New Patterns of World Trade
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