Introduction%20to%20Process%20Technology

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Introduction to Process Technology

• Unit 4
• Basic Physics

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Todays Agenda

• What is Physics?
• Why is Physics Important to Proc Oper?
• Properties and Structure of Matter
• Types of Energy
• Temperature Thermal Heat Transfer
• Physics Laws
• Flow Rates
• Force and Pressure
• Work and Mechanical Efficiencies
• Electricity

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What is Physics?

• Physics is the study of matter and energy
• Matter
• Energy

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Why Physics is Important to Proc Techs
Engineers Other Technicians

• Explains the basic principles of the equipment
  they use on a day-to-day basis. Examples
• Allows them to understand the processes used to
  convert raw products to end products
• Maintaining safe operations

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Why Physics is Important to Proc Techs

• Allows them to understand how to troubleshoot the
  process or to identify a problem and then solve
  the problem
• Allows them to understand how the process
  affects other processes downstream

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Matter and its States

• Solids
• Liquids
• Gases
• Plasma

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Conservation of Matter

• Matter cannot be created or destroyed only
  changed
• Matter is considered to be indestructible

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Specific Properties of Matter

• Mass
• Weight
• Volume

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Specific Properties of Matter (Continued)

• Density
• Specific Gravity

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Specific Properties of Matter (Continued)

• Inertia
• Force
• Pressure
• Buoyancy
• Velocity

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Specific Properties of Matter (Continued)

• Porosity
• Elasticity
• Friction
• Viscosity
• Hardness
• Tenacity (tensile strength)

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Specific Properties of Matter (Continued)

• Ductility
• Malleability
• Conductivity
• Adhesion
• Surface Tension
• Capillary Action
• Temperature
• Cohesive Force

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Structure of Matter

• Atoms
• Protons
• Neutrons
• Electrons
• Molecule

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Structure of Matter (Continued)

• Atomic Number
• Atomic Weight

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States of Energy

• Potential
• Kinetic

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Temperature and State Changes

• Temperature
• State Changes
• Evaporation
• Boiling
• Melting
• Freezing
• Condensing
• Sublimation
• Deposition

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Temperature Scales

• Fahrenheit
• Celsius
• Absolute Zero
• Kelvin oC 273
• Rankine oF 460

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Temperature (BTU) Transfer

• British Thermal Unit (BTU)
• Conduction
• Convection
• Radiation

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Boiling Point

• The temperature of a liquid when its vapor
  pressure the surrounding pressure
• Increasing the pressure of a system increases
  boiling point and vice versa that is why water
  boils at a lower temperature up in the mountains
  compared to the coast

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Vapor Pressure

• Vapor pressure
• A measure of a liquids volatility and tendency
  to form a vapor
• A function of the physical and chemical
  properties of the liquid
• At a given temperature, a substance with higher
  vapor pressure vaporizes more readily than a
  substance with a lower vapor pressure

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Relationship of Boiling Point/vapor pressure/
surrounding pressure

• Liquids w/ High VP Low BP
• Liquids w/ Low VP High BP
• As surrounding Pressure increases, then boiling
  point of liquid increases

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Heat Rate Equation

• Important for steam production, use
• Heat Rate steam flow x specific heat capacity
  of steam x change in temperature

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Thermal Efficiency

• Applied to heat exchanger optimization
• Efficiency
• (temperature in temperature out)
• temperature in

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Physics Laws

• Governing Gases
• Boyles Law
• Charles Law
• Gay-Lussacs Law
• Avogadros Law
• Combined Gas Law
• Ideal Gas Law
• Daltons Law
• Governing Gases Liquids - Bernoullis Law

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NASA Video
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NASA Video
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General Gas Law

• P1V1 P2V2
• n1 T1 n2 T2

Tanker Implodes http//www.break.com/index/tanker
-implodes.html
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Daltons Law of Partial Pressures
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Principles of Liquid Pressure

• Liquid pressure is directly proportional to
  density of liquid
• Liquid pressure is proportional to height
  (amount) of liquid
• Liquid pressure is exerted in a perpendicular
  direction on the walls of vessel

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Principles of Liquid Pressure

• Liquid pressure is exerted equality in all
  directions
• Liquid pressure at the base of a tank in not
  affected by the size or shape of tank
• Liquid pressure transmits applied force equally,
  without loss, inside an enclosed container

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Flow Rate

• Flowrate Volume
• Time

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Bernoulis Principle

• States that in a closed process with a constant
  flow rate
• Changes in fluid velocity (kinetic energy)
  decrease or increase pressure
• Kinetic-energy and pressure-energy changes
  correspond to pipe-size changes
• Pipe-diameter changes cause velocity changes
• Pressure-energy, kinetic-energy (or fluid
  velocity), and pipe-diameter changes are related

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Bernoulli Principle
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Bernoullis Principle
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Fluid Flow

• Laminar Flow
• Turbulent Flow

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Laminar Flow
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Turbulent Flow
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Turbulent flow
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Reynolds Number (R)

• Used to size pipe to ensure proper flow (either
  laminar or turbulent)
• R (Fluid Velocity)(Inside Diameter of
  Pipe)(Fluid Density)
• Absolute Fluid Viscosity

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Flow of Solids

• A variety of gases are used to transfer solids
• Nitrogen (most common since inert), air,
  chlorine, and hydrogen
• In proper combination, these allow solids to
  respond like fluids
• Examples plastics manufacture, catalytic
  cracking units, vacuum systems

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Measuring Heaviness

• Baume Gravity standard used by industrial
  manufacturers to measure nonhydrocarbon heaviness
• API Gravity measures heaviness of hydrocarbons

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Force and Pressure

• Pressure Force
• Area

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Gauge Measurements

• Absolute Pressure atmospheric Gauge
• Gauge pressure anything above atmospheric
• Gauge P Absolute P Atmospheric P
• Vacuum a pressure below atmospheric
• Where atmospheric pressure 14.7 psi 760 mm Hg
  29.92 in Hg 1 torr

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Work

• Work Force x Distance

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Mechanical Advantage

• Mechanical Advantage Resistance
• Effort
• or Work Out
• Work In
• MA gt 1 is good so the larger the MA the better

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Mechanical Advantage - Moments

• Inclined Plane and MA
• Length of plane
• Height of plane

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Mechanical Advantage Efficiency

• Efficiency Actual MA
• Ideal MA
• Efficiency can never be gt 1

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Electricity

• Electric current
• Electricity
• Direct Current
• Example battery
• Alternating Current
• Example power generating station

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Electricity

• Ohms Law relationship between current (A for
  amps), resistance (O for ohms), and electrical
  potential (voltage v for volts)
• Voltage Resistance x Current