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Title: Paragraph%20


1
Paragraph Essay Types
  • ENG 114
  • Prof. K. Horowitz

2
Index
  • Objectives
  • Introduction
  • Illustration
  • Narration
  • Description
  • Definition
  • Process Analysis
  • Classification
  • Cause Effect
  • Compare Contrast
  • Argumentation
  • Try Your Luck!

3
Objectives
  • This module is designed to introduce students to
    the nine (9) different types of paragraphs used
    in English. By the end of the module, students
    should be able to identify the type of paragraphs
    presented to them.

4
Introduction
  • There are nine types of paragraphs and essays.
    Through them we can accurately express our ideas
    in the correct context. Each type has a specific
    purpose and format, so it is important to know
    which you need to use.

5
  • Though all the them permit the use of opinion, it
    is often difficult for beginning students to
    accurately adapt them to do so. For that reason,
    it is strongly recommended that you leave your
    opinions for the that paragraph type specifically
    designed for it argumentation.

6
  • The following types of essays each has an example
    with the topic sentence in white, developmental
    sentences in yellow, and the concluding sentence
    in green.

7
Illustration
  • Illustration Uses examples to show, explain, or
    prove a point. Giving examples is the basis of
    all good writing and speaking You make a
    statement, and then you provide an example that
    shows what you mean. You must give enough
    examples to get the point across.

8
  • Good Illustration
  • 1. Makes a point.
  • 2. Gives detailed and specific examples
  • 3. Gives enough examples to get the point across.

9
Illustrative Paragraph Example
  • Although they dont consider it stealing, many
    people regularly take things from their jobs. The
    most common items to disappear are pens and
    pencils that the employees almost unconsciously
    stuff into their purses and pockets. Over time,
    they may accumulate a lot of them. Another big
    item is all kinds of paper pads of lined paper,
    little notepads, and file folders. Finally, one
    of the most significant ways people steal from
    their employers is by taking home samples of
    products the company makes. Employees think they
    are entitled to these products and even give them
    to friends. These examples many not seem like
    stealing, but the results are the same extra
    costs to the company, which may result in lower
    pay raises.

10
Narration
  • Narration Is writing that tells a story of an
    event or an experience. Good narration
  • 1. Reveals something of importance.
  • 2. Includes all the important events of the
    story.
  • 3. Brings the story to life with a detailed
    account of what happened.
  • 4. Presents events in a clear order.

11
Narration Paragraph Example
  • My most embarrassing moment happened when I was
    working in a Mexican restaurant. I was a hostess
    working on a busy Friday night. As usual, I was
    wearing a blouse and a long Mexican skirt. While
    I was taking some menus to a table, one of the
    waiters accidentally stepped on the hem of my
    skirt. I didnt even feel it fall off, and I
    walked through the whole dining room in my slip!
    Almost every customer in the restaurant saw me
    without my skirt on!

12
Description
  • Description creates a clear and vivid impression
    of the topic. Description translates your
    experience of a person, place, or thing into
    words, often by appealing to the physical senses.

13
  • Good description
  • 1. Creates a main impression-an overall effect,
    feeling, or image-about the topic.
  • 2. Uses concrete, specific details to support the
    main impression.
  • 3. Uses details that appeal to the five senses.

14
Descriptive Paragraph Example
  • The subway is an assault on your senses. You walk
    down the steep, smelly steps on the subway
    platform. On the far right wall, a broken clock
    show that the time is four-thirty. You wonder how
    long it has been broken. A mother and her crying
    child are standing to your left. She is trying to
    clean dried chocolate syrup off the young childs
    face. Farther to the left, two old men are
    arguing about the most recent tax increase. You
    hear a little noise and see some paper trash roll
    by like a soccer ball. The most interesting thing
    you see while you are waiting for your subway
    train is a poster. It reads Come to Jamaica.
    Deep blue skies, a lone palm tree, and sapphire
    waters call you to this exotic faraway place.

15
Definition
  • Definition Explains what a term means. It uses
    denotation (dictionary definition) or connotation
    (individual, personalized meaning).
  • 1. Tells readers what term is being defined.
  • 2. Presents a clear and precise basic definition.
  • 3. Uses examples to show what the writer means.
  • 4. Uses words and examples that readers will
    understand.

16
Definition Paragraph Example
  • According to The American Heritage Dictionary,
    gossip is a trivial rumor of a personal nature,
    but this definition makes gossip sound harmless.
    At first, gossip might not seem so bad. One
    person tells a second person something about
    someone, and that second person tells a third
    person, and so on. The information passes from
    person to person. However, gossip is much more
    than just information and rumor. As the rumor
    continues, it grows and changes, People do not
    know all the facts, so they add information. As
    the gossip goes from one person to another, the
    damage continues, and the person who is the
    subject of the gossip cant do anything to answer
    or protect himself or herself. Because the
    potential damage may range from hurt feelings to
    a lost career, gossip is much worse than simply a
    trivial rumor.

17
Process Analysis
  • Process analysis Either explains how to do
    something (so your readers can do it) or explains
    how something works (so your readers can
    understand it). They are usually written using
    chronological transitions like first, then, next,
    after that, and finally.

18
  • A good process analysis paragraph does the
    following
  • 1. Presents essential steps in a process.
  • 2. Explains steps in detail.
  • 3. Presents steps in a logical order.

19
Process Analysis Paragraph Example
  • Eating a juicy taco is not easy-it requires
    following specific directions. First, you must be
    sure that you are wearing clothes that you dont
    mind getting dirty. Eating a taco while you are
    wearing expensive clothing is not a smart idea.
    The next thing that you should do is to decide if
    you want to eat the taco alone or in front of
    others. Eating a taco in front of someone you
    dont know very well, such as a new date, can be
    embarrassing. The last step is to plan your
    attack! It is a good idea to pick up the taco
    gently and carefully keep it in a horizontal
    position. As you raise the taco, slowly turn your
    head toward it and position your head at a
    twenty-degree angle. The last step is to put the
    corner of the taco in your mouth and bite. By
    following these simple directions, eating a taco
    can be a pleasant experience.

20
Classification
  • Classification Organizes, or sorts, people or
    items into categories. A good classification
    paragraph
  • 1. Make sense of a group of people or items by
    organizing them into categories.
  • 2. Uses useful categories.
  • 3. Uses a single organizing principle.
  • 4. Gives examples of what fits into each
    category.

21
Classification Paragraph Example
  • Test questions generally fall into categories,
    depending on how they are answered objective and
    subjective. The first kind, objective questions,
    have definite right and wrong answers. Multiple
    choice, matching, and fill-in-the-blank questions
    are objective. Although they can be tricky
    because of their wording, most students prefer
    objective questions. The answers are already
    there, and the student just has to choose the
    right one. Subjective test items, such as
    short-answer and essay questions, have no single
    correct answer. There is a range of possible
    responses. Students have to know the information
    in order to answer each question, and they have
    to present it in their own words. You can make a
    lucky guess on an objective question, but a
    subjective question doesnt offer much hope for a
    student relying on dumb luck.

22
Cause Effect
  • Cause effect paragraphs explain what made an
    event happen and what occurred as a result. Good
    ones do the following
  • 1. Clearly distinguish between cause and effect.
  • 2. Give clear and detailed examples of causes
    and/or effects.

23
Cause Effect Paragraph Example
  • Much to her surprise, lottery winner Sylvia Lee
    found that sudden wealth was a mixed blessing
    the results were both good and bad. After her win
    was announced, she was constantly hounded by
    people who wanted to sell her something. She got
    an unlisted phone number, but the more aggressive
    salespeople just camped out on her doorstep.
    Another negative result was that people started
    treating her differently. I was shocked, said
    Lee. Everyone from the checkout clerk at the
    supermarket where Ive shopped for years to my
    next-door neighbor acted as though I had changed.
    Im still the same Ive just got money now. Lee
    admits, though, that most of the changes have
    been positive. Its really a relief not worrying
    about money all the time. I actually went on my
    first shopping spree ever, and it was great. Lee
    expects that other new and unexpected results of
    her sudden wealth are yet to come, but shes not
    discouraged so far, at least, the pluses far
    outweigh the minuses.

24
Compare Contrast
  • Compare contrast paragraphs show similarities
    and differences among people, ideas, situations,
    or items. They are used to explain two subjects
    and help you decide between two options. They
  • 1. Uses subjects that have enough in common to be
    compared/contrasted.
  • 2. Serves a purpose- either to help readers make
    a decision or understand subjects.
  • 3. Presents several important, parallel points of
    comparison/contrast.
  • 4. Arranges points in a logical organization.

25
Compare Contrast Paragraph Example
  • When they get lost while driving, women and men
    have very different ways to find the right route.
    As soon as a woman thinks she might be lost, she
    will pull into a store or gas station and ask for
    directions. As she continues on, is shes still
    not sure of the directions, she will stop again
    and ask someone else for help. Until they know
    they are on the right track, women will continue
    to ask for directions. In contrast, men would
    rather turn around and go home than stop and ask
    for directions. First, a man doesnt readily
    admit he is lost. When it is clear that he is, he
    will pull over and consult a map. If he still
    find himself lost, he will again pull out that
    map. Either the map will finally put the man on
    the right route, or as a last resort he will
    reluctantly stop at a store or gas station and
    let his wife go in and ask for directions. Many
    battles of the sexes have raged over what to do
    when lost in the car.

26
Argumentation
  • Argumentation takes a position on an issue and
    offers reasons and supporting evidence to
    persuade someone else to accept or at least
    consider the position. Good argumentation
    paragraphs
  • 1. Take a strong and definite position on an
    issue or advises a particular action.
  • 2. Give good reasons and supporting evidence to
    defend a position or recommended action.
  • 3. Consider opposing views.
  • 4. Have enthusiasm and energy from start to
    finish.

27
Argumentation Paragraph Example
  • School uniforms should be mandatory for all
    students for a number of reasons. First, they
    make everyone equal. In this way, the rich kids
    are on the same level as the poor ones. In
    addition, getting ready for school can be much
    faster and easier. Many kids waste time choosing
    what to wear to school, and they are often
    unhappy with their final choices. Most important,
    some studies show that school uniforms make
    students perform better. Many people might say
    that uniforms take away from personal freedom,
    but I believe that the benefits are stronger than
    the drawbacks.

28
Try Your Luck!
  • Reread the description example. Which two senses
    are not included in the description of the subway?

Sight Smell
Hearing Taste
Taste Touch
29
  • Heres another one
  • Reread the classification example. Would true or
    false questions be considered objective or
    subjective?

Objective
Subjective
30
  • Lets try one last example. Reread the process
    analysis example. Does it tell you how to do
    something or how something works?

How to do something
How something works
31
  • Thanks for trying! See you next module!
  • Paragraph examples taken from
  • Anker, Susan. Real Writing with Readings. Boston.
    Bedford/St. Martins. 2001.
  • Folse, Keith, A. Muchmore-Vokoun, and E. Vestri
    Solomon. Great Paragraphs. New York. Houghton
    Mifflen. 1999.

32
Success!
33
Incorrect! Please Try Again.
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