Groundwater Pollution - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

About This Presentation
Title:

Groundwater Pollution

Description:

Groundwater Pollution - Enhanced Natural Attentuation These lectures were adopted from ENHANCED ATTENUATION: A REFERENCE GUIDE ON APPROACHES TO INCREASE THE ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:305
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 68
Provided by: col6116
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: Groundwater Pollution


1
Groundwater Pollution
  • - Enhanced Natural Attentuation

2
  • These lectures were adopted from ENHANCED
    ATTENUATION A REFERENCE GUIDE ON APPROACHES TO
    INCREASE THE NATURAL TREATMENT CAPACITY OF A
    SYSTEM August 2006 Washington Savannah River
    Company. Prepared for the U.S. Department of
    Energy
  • www.cluin.org/download/contaminantfocus/tce/DOE_EA
    _doc.pdf

3
  • Monitored natural attenuation (MNA) and enhanced
    attenuation (EA) are two environmental management
    strategies that rely on various processes to
    degrade or immobilize contaminants and are used
    at sites where contaminant plumes have low risk
    and are not growing.

4
  • Enhanced attenuation processes fall into two
    classes
  • those that reduce mass loading from the source to
    the plume, and
  • those that add to existing attenuation processes
    occurring within the plume.
  • For an existing source or active treatment to be
    classified as an EA technology, the treatment
    process must be able to reduce pollution to the
    point that the natural processes can remediate
    within a reasonable time.

5
  • Enhancements include
  • Reduce mass loading from a source
  • Engineered structures to change surface runoff,
    stormflow, and groundwater flow (also including
    competing electron acceptors)
  • Methods for reducing infiltration in source
    areas (e.g. engineered covers plant-based
    methods)
  • Waste encapsulation (e.g. grouting diffusion
    barriers using non-toxic vegetable oil)
  • Lowering the hydraulic gradient in source areas
    (e.g. french drains, plant-based methods)
  • Passive reduction of source mass (e.g. soil
    vapor extraction by pumping)

6
  • Reduce mass flux within a plume
  • Biological processes
  • o Biostimulation
  • o Bioaugmentation
  • o Wetlands (natural and constructed)
  • o Plant-based methods
  • Abiotic processes
  • o Contaminant degradation by biologically-enhanced
    abiotic reactions
  • o Permeable reactive barriers

7
  • Which enhancements are chosen for application at
    a site depends on
  • site conditions (e.g. geology, hydrology, depth
    of contaminants),
  • potential locations for using an enhancement
    (source, plume, receptor), and
  • cost factors.

8
  • Monitored Natural Attenuation (MNA) relies on
    natural attenuation processes to get remediation
    in a time that is reasonable compared to other
    more active methods. The natural attenuation
    processes that are at work in such a remediation
    approach include physical, chemical, or
    biological processes that act without human work
    to reduce mass, toxicity, mobility, volume, or
    concentration of contaminants in soil or
    groundwater.

9
  • The important first step in MNA is some form of
    source treatment to reduce source mass (and mass
    flux). Both modeling and field investigations
    indicate that reducing source mass leads to
    decreases in the mass flux feeding a plume.

10
(No Transcript)
11
  • Physical Attenuation Processes
  • Mass transfer of contaminants to groundwater in
    the source area creates a dissolved phase plume
    that transports contaminants by advection. In
    addition, a vapor phase plume will develop for
    cVOC contaminants in the vadose zone. These can
    outgas to the atmosphere or be transferred to
    groundwater by dissolving in infiltrating
    precipitation or by diffusion.

12
  • Dispersion and diffusion are examples.
  • Dispersion gives physical dilution of
    contaminants in groundwater resulting in an
    increase in the size (volume) of the plume.
  • Diffusion results in contaminants moving into low
    permeability parts of the aquifer where they are
    held in the small pores present in clay-rich
    material and porous bedrock and released slowly
    into groundwater.

13
  • Chemical Attenuation Processes
  • Sorption includes
  • Physical (absorption) pollutants are trapped
    into the sorbing medium (e.g., soil organic
    material) and
  • Chemical (adsorption) pollutants attach to the
    surfaces of solid particles.
  • Sorption of pollutants can occur in both the
    vadose and saturated zones.
  • Sorption reduces the rate of migration of
    contaminants in aquifers resulting in a reduction
    in mass flux.

14
  • Biological and Abiotic Degradation Attenuation
    Processes
  • Pollutants are degraded into a variety of
    byproducts. This reduces the mass flux.
  • Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria may metabolize the
    contaminants or may reduce sulfate into sulfide,
    which, in turn, can combine with Fe(II) to form
    sulfide minerals having the capability of
    reductively dechlorinating cVOCs.
  • Plant-based processes can result in in situ
    destruction of pollutants in the root zone,
    uptake, storage, metabolism, or translocation to
    the atmosphere.

15
  • Is it possible to sustainably change natural
    attenuation processes so that they are more
    effective and increase the reduction in mass flux
    of contaminants?

16
  • An enhancement is anything we might do to a
    source-plume system that increases the amount of
    contaminant degradation or immobilization more
    than that which occurs naturally without our work.

17
(No Transcript)
18
(No Transcript)
19
(No Transcript)
20
(No Transcript)
21
(No Transcript)
22
(No Transcript)
23
  • Examples of enhancements to physical attenuation
    processes include
  • Hydraulic change to reduce advective transport
  • o Reduction of infiltrating precipitation (e.g.,
    caps, plants, etc.)
  • o Interception and diversion of up-gradient
    groundwater before it can reach the source (e.g.,
    drains)
  • Source containment to reduce mass loading
  • o Physical source containment strategies (e.g.,
    slurry walls sheet piling)
  • o Introduction of vegetable oil into the source
    area to create a diffusion barrier to the
    contaminants
  • Increase source removal by barometric pumping

24
  • Example of enhancements to chemical attenuation
    processes that degrade contaminants include
  • Addition of substances that result in increased
    in situ production of reduced iron and sulfur
    phases (e.g. FeS) that can abiotically degrade
    pollutants
  • Installation of a reactive zone (permeable
    reactive barrier with zero-valent iron or other
    reactive media, biobarrier, etc.)

25
  • Examples of enhancements to biological
    attenuation processes include
  • Addition of substances that stimulate naturally
    occurring bacteria to increase the rate or extent
    of degradation
  • Adding additional bacterial species that can
    live in the plume environment and will increase
    the overall degradation of contaminants

26
(No Transcript)
27
  • An enhancement does not have to remain effective
    indefinitely.
  • It only must operate as long as necessary to
    maintain a favorable balance between mass flux
    and system attenuation capacity.
  • Eg, a constructed wetland might be an important
    enhancement for achieving mass balance early in
    the treatment cycle of a plume, but the necessity
    for the wetland to operate at top efficiency
    declines as the pollutant disappears.

28
  • The best place to use enhancements is as
    important to the success of EA as identifying the
    enhancements themselves.
  • We can think of a plume as divided into three
    enhancement zones
  • Source enhancement zone
  • Plume enhancement zone
  • Discharge enhancement zone

29
(No Transcript)
30
  • In general, the source zone is the most effective
    region in which to apply enhancements because
  • The source usually is relatively small
  • The source depth often is not great
  • There many enhancement choices that together
    can be very effective
  • Many source enhancement technologies have a
    long record of success

31
  • The discharge zone is another area where
    enhancements can be cost-effective if
  • Contamination releases occur in a relatively
    restricted region
  • Contaminants go to the surface

32
  • The main body of the plume is the most
    challenging zone in which to apply enhancements
    because
  • The scale of the plume area is greater than for
    source and discharge zones
  • The depth tends to be greater than for the
    other zones

33
  • The mass flux of contaminants coming from a
    source zone is the mass of contaminants crossing
    through a unit area of a plane (e.g. per m2 )
    oriented normal to the plume axis per unit time
    (e.g. per sec.). The integrated mass flux can be
    thought of as the total mass of contaminant
    passing through the plane per unit time (i.e.
    encompassing the entire cross sectional area of
    the plume). One or more enhancements to a source
    plume system will result in a decrease in the
    contaminant mass flux.

34
  • Also the enhancement(s) must last for a time to
    give a sustainable reduction in flux for as long
    as necessary to achieve regulatory requirements.
    The objective of such a reduction is to achieve a
    sustainable balance between source loading (the
    integrated mass flux from the source) and plume
    attenuation capacity (the integrated reduction of
    mass flux due to all natural and enhanced
    attenuation).

35
  • Actions that reduce source loading
  • o Hydraulic manipulation
  • o Passive residual source reduction
  • Actions that increase the attenuation capacity
    of the system
  • o Biological degradation of contaminants
  • o Abiotic degradation of contaminants

36
  • ENHANCEMENTS TO REDUCE PLUME LOADING HYDRAULIC
    MANIPULATION
  • REDUCE INFILTRATION THROUGH THE SOURCE ZONE
  • Intercept and divert surface runoff and stormflow
    water

37
  • REDUCE INFILTRATION THROUGH THE SOURCE ZONE
  • Intercept and divert surface runoff and stormflow
    water

38
(No Transcript)
39
  • HYDRAULIC MANIPULATION
  • REDUCE MASS TRANSFER OF CONTAMINANTS TO
    GROUNDWATER IN A SOURCE ZONE eg
  • Source Containment
  • Modifying the Hydraulic Gradient with Drainage
    Structures
  • Modifying the Hydraulic Gradient Through
    Phytotranspiration

40
Modifying the Hydraulic Gradient Through
Phytotranspiration
41
Modifying the Hydraulic Gradient Through
Phytotranspiration
42
Depression of the Water Table under a Tree
Plantation
43
Engineered Phytotranspiration System
44
  • HYDRAULIC MANIPULATION
  • ELECTRON ACCEPTOR DIVERSION
  • To accelerate the natural dechlorination process
    use methods to increase the supply of electron
    donors to dechlorinating bacteria.
  • Add complex electron donors (such as lactate,
    molasses, mulch, etc.) that ferment in-situ to
    release hydrogen.
  • There is another approach to increasing the
    electron donor supply to the dechlorinators.

45
  • The presence of electron acceptors (primarily
    dissolved oxygen, nitrate, and sulfate) in a
    source zone will result in biodegradation
    reactions that compete with beneficial
    dechlorination reactions for electron donor.
  • This competition occurs in cases where the
    electron donor is in the source zone before
    remediation or if the electron donor supply is
    enhanced by adding fermentation substrates or
    hydrogen directly.

46
  • It should be possible to permanently divert the
    transport of competing electron acceptors
    (oxygen, nitrate, and sulfate) away from
    chlorinated solvent plumes so that more electron
    donor (i.e., organic substrates and/or dissolved
    hydrogen) is preserved for beneficial reductive
    dechlorination reactions.

47
Electron Acceptor Diversion
48
  • ENHANCEMENTS TO REDUCE PLUME LOADING PASSIVE
    RESIDUAL SOURCE REDUCTION

49
PASSIVE VAPOR EXTRACTION OF VOCS FROM THE VADOSE
ZONE
50
  • INCREASE SYSTEM ATTENUATION CAPACITY BIOLOGICAL
    PROCESSES

51
  • INCREASE SYSTEM ATTENUATION CAPACITY BIOLOGICAL
    PROCESSES
  • MICROBIAL DEGRADATION METHODS
  • Biostimulation using Long-Lived Electron Donors,
    Electron Acceptors and Nutrients
  • Enhancing the in-situ biodegradation processes
    rely on the continuous or periodic addition of
    one or more chemical reagents including electron
    acceptors (oxygen, nitrate, sulfate), electron
    donors (carbohydrates, fatty acids, and H2), and
    nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, trace minerals
    and vitamins).

52
  • The treatment reagent should be a nontoxic
    material.
  • The treatment reagent should be relatively
    immobile to prevent it from being washed out of
    the treatment zone by flowing groundwater.
  • The treatment reagent should be relatively
    resistant to biological or chemical attack so
    that it will last for several years between
    applications.
  • The treatment reagent should be sufficiently
    reactive to support the desired chemical or
    biological reaction at rates that meet treatment
    objectives.

53
  • The carbon source/electron donors are often
    organic amendments delivered as aqueous solutions
    (containing lactate, molasses, or similar
    compounds), proprietary polymerized organics
    (such as Hydrogen Release Compound - HRC),
    nontoxic oils (such as soybean oil, lard oil,
    etc.), and blended amendments (such as water-oil
    emulsions).

54
  • INCREASE SYSTEM ATTENUATION CAPACITY BIOLOGICAL
    PROCESSES
  • MICROBIAL DEGRADATION METHODS Bioaugmentation
  • There are many sites where microbial analyses
    show that chlorinated solvent degrading
    microorganisms are not present or are at low
    population numbers so their activity does not
    give enough biodegradation capacity.

55
  • Bioaugmentation involves seeding aquifers with
    microorganisms depending on the mix of
    chlorinated solvents present and the environment.
  • For example, viable approaches include the
    addition of halorespiring microorganisms in
    anaerobic plumes that contain electron donors and
    chlorinated solvents, or adding microorganisms
    that can aerobically biodegrade lower chlorinated
    solvents where these compounds may discharge or
    mix with aerobic waters.
  • After seeding the microorganisms should spread
    and grow and increase the natural attenuation
    capacity.

56
  • INCREASE SYSTEM ATTENUATION CAPACITY BIOLOGICAL
    PROCESSES
  • Wetland Systems
  • Studies over the past 10 years of natural
    wetlands into which cVOC-contaminated groundwater
    discharges show that a wide variety of
    chlorinated compounds can be treated in this type
    of environment.

57
(No Transcript)
58
  • ABIOTIC AND BIOLOGICALLY MEDIATED ABIOTIC
    ATTENUATION METHODS

59
  • ABIOTIC AND BIOLOGICALLY MEDIATED ABIOTIC
    ATTENUATION METHODS
  • ABIOTIC REACTIONS WITH REDUCED IRON AND SULFUR
    PHASES WITH OR WITHOUT BIOLOGICAL MEDIATION

60
  • ABIOTIC AND BIOLOGICALLY MEDIATED ABIOTIC
    ATTENUATION METHODS
  • ABIOTIC REACTIONS WITH REDUCED IRON AND SULFUR
    PHASES WITH OR WITHOUT BIOLOGICAL MEDIATION
  • Abiotic Reactions with Reduced Mineral Phases
  • Minerals found in the shallow subsurface can
    cause the abiotic degradation of chlorinated
    solvents. Natural reductants are soil minerals
    that contain reduced forms of iron and sulfur.

61
  • ABIOTIC AND BIOLOGICALLY MEDIATED ABIOTIC
    ATTENUATION METHODS
  • ABIOTIC REACTIONS WITH REDUCED IRON AND SULFUR
    PHASES WITH OR WITHOUT BIOLOGICAL MEDIATION
  • Biologically Mediated Abiotic Reactions
  • Biogeochemical reductive dechlorination (BiRD)
    involves both biological and chemical reactions
    for abiotic reduction of chlorinated solvents,
    such as PCE and TCE. Microbes may produce
    reductants that help reactions with minerals in
    the aquifer.

62
  • ABIOTIC AND BIOLOGICALLY MEDIATED ABIOTIC
    ATTENUATION METHODS
  • SORPTION
  • There is a correlation between the amount of
    natural organic matter (NOM) which is present in
    soils and aquifer materials and its capacity to
    sorb compounds with elevated KOW values.
  • The octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW)
    measures how much an organic compound will
    partition into octanol in comparison to water.

63
  • ABIOTIC AND BIOLOGICALLY MEDIATED ABIOTIC
    ATTENUATION METHODS
  • REACTIVE BARRIERS

example
64
Different Configurations of the Funnel and Gate
Technology. Groundwater is directed into a
reactive barrier.
65
a Reactive Barrier Using Emulsified Oil
66
(No Transcript)
67
(No Transcript)
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com