Differential%20Reinforcement%20

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Differential Reinforcement Differential
Punishment

• Chapter 7

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Selecting Behaviors

• Already in repertoire of behavior
• Selecting and strengthening particular responses
  using contingencies

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Tennis Forehand Return
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Before Intervening

• Task Analysis
• Look at process, not just the final product

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Task Analysis

• An analysis of complex behavior and sequences of
  behavior into their component responses

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Task AnalysisTennis Forehand Return

1. Pivot
2. Step toward net with left foot
3. Transfer weight from right to left foot

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Tennis Forehand in Repertoire?

• Yes
• Forehand poor?
• Ready to intervene

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Differential Reinforcement
Reinforcement
Behavior John hits ball with some skill
After John receives praise
Before John has no praise
Behavior John hits ball with no skill
After John receives no praise
Extinction
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Differential-Reinforcement Procedure

• Reinforce one set of responses while
  extinguishing another set of responses

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http//www.tagteach.com/
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Differential Reinforcement
Reinforcement
Behavior Jane holds leg parallel to bar
After Jane receives TAG
Before Jane has no tag
Behavior Jane holds leg unparallel to bar
After Jane receives no tag
Extinction
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General Rule Process vs. Product

• Sometimes you need to make reinforcers and
  feedback contingent on the component responses of
  the process, not just the product (outcome).
• Do this when you cant get quality products of
  sufficient quantity even though youve made
  reinforcers and feedback contingent on the
  ultimate production of those products.

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Example

• I praise him each time he finishes packing a box.
  But he is slow, and when he does get a box
  packed, it is poorly done.
• Task analyze the task make reinforcers and
  feedback contingent on correct completion of
  component parts.
• First component could be placing box close to
  items to be packed.

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Swinging
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Swings

• Each swing had a different response topography
• Response topography is a response dimension

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Response Dimensions (Form)

• The physical properties of a response
• Response topography
• Latency
• Duration
• Force
• Pitch
• Does not include the function of a response

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Response Topography

• The sequence (path of movement), form, or
  location of components of a response relative to
  the rest of the body.
• EX Wave hands high vs. wave hands low 2
  different response topographies
• Not what you do, but the way you do it (more than
  1 way to press a lever)

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Topography

• Dont confuse with location
• Response location refers to where the action is
  relative to the the external environment, not
  relative to the body of the actor

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Left lever pressing
Right lever pressing
Vs.

• Response topography or response location?

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Press lever with left paw vs. right paw

• Response topography or response location?

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Other response dimensions

• Force how loud is your voice, how hard is the
  ball hit
• Latency time between the signal for a response
  and the beginning of the response
• Duration the time from the beginning to the end
  of a response

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Latency
Duration
1.5 sec
20 sec
You start to brake
Car stops
Red light
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Response Class

• A set of responses that either
• A) are similar on at least one response dimension
  or
• B) share the effects of reinforcement and
  punishment, or
• C) serve the same function (produce the same
  outcome).

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Lever Presses

• Do they all look exactly alike?
• Members of the same response class
• All are 35 grams of pressure (same force), lever
  is pressed downward
• Reinforcing any lever press reinforces many
  similar responses (spread of reinforcing effect)
• All lever presses result in food

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Response Class

• A set of responses that either
• A) are similar on at least one response dimension
  or (LP are 35 grams of pressure same force,
  lever is pressed downward)
• B) share the effects of reinforcement and
  punishment, (Reinforcing any lever press
  reinforces many similar responses spread of
  reinforcing effect), or
• C) serve the same function (produce the same
  outcome) (All lever presses result in food)

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Share effects

• Can lever press with left paw but can also press
  lever with other body parts (different
  topographies) these responses are the members
  of the same response class because they share the
  effects of reinforcement.
• Example Girl is picking flowers. Mother
  praises flower picking. What has been reinforced?

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Share same function

• Produce the same reinforcing outcome lever
  pressing with right or left paw produce
  reinforcement the both serve the same function,
  so are members of the same response class.

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Response Class

• A set of responses that either
• Similar on at least 1 response dimension
• Serve the same function (produce the same
  outcome)
• Share the effects of reinforcement punishment

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Differential-Reinforcement Procedure

• Reinforcing one set of responses and
  extinguishing another set of responses

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Result of Differential Reinforcement?

• Response differentiation
• The reinforced response class occurs more
  frequently than an extinguished response class,
  usually as a result of differential reinforcement.

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Example

• What do you talk about with other people?
• Talk about sports with friends
• Talk about grades with parents

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Differential Reinforcement
Reinforcement
Behavior Client is positive and clear
After Client receives approval
Before Client has no approval
Behavior Client whines confusedly
After Client receives no approval
Extinction
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Differential Reinforcement
Reinforcement
Behavior Bobbie acts in a masculine manner
After Bobbie receive praise
Before Bobbie gets no praise
Behavior Bobbie acts feminine
After Bobbie receives no praise
Extinction
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Differential Reinforcement of Creativity
Reinforcement
Behavior Girl builds novel building
After Girl receive praise
Before Girl has no praise
Behavior Girl copies previous building
After Girl receives no praise
Extinction
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Differential Reinforcement by Escape from an
Aversive Condition
Reinforcement
Behavior Sid pushes correct key on his computer
After Sid hear no noisy computer
Before Sid hears noisy computer
Behavior Sid pushes wrong key on computer
After Sid hears his noisy computer
Extinction
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Plain Reinforcement
Behavior John makes any comment
Before John has no points
After John receives a point
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Differential Reinforcement
Reinforcement
Behavior John makes a relevant comment
After John receives point
Before John has no points
Behavior John makes irrelevant comment
After John receives no point
Extinction
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Differential Punishment Procedure

• Punishing one set of responses and withholding
  punishment of another set of responses.

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Differential Punishment
Punishment
Behavior Carmen looks down while descending
After Carmen must repeat stairs
Before Carmen need not repeat stairs
Behavior Carmen looks ahead while descending
After Carmen neednt repeat stairs
Recovery
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Graphs undifferentiated responding
Wont be reinforced
Will be reinforced
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Graphs after differential reinforcement for
pressing lever with butt
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Combination of Contingencies

• Differential reinforcement
• Differential punishment

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Research Methods

• Improving the reversal design
• Using variable-time stimulus presentation as a
  control condition

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Research Methods

• Single-participant research design
• One participants
• Can be repeated with many participants

• Group research design
• At least 2 GROUPS of participants
• Group mean data
• Combined performance of the groups
• Control
• Experimental