BIODIESEL : AN ALTERNATE FUEL

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BIODIESEL AN ALTERNATE FUEL

• DR D K TULI
• Chief Research Manager
• Jan2003

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What are Biofuels ?

• Renewable fuels from bio sources
• Include
• Ethanol
• Biodiesel
• Bio-hydrogen
• Biogases

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WHY BIOFUELS?

• SUSTAINABILITY
• POLLUTION THREAT
• REDUCTION OF GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
• REGIONAL (RURAL) DEVELOPMENT
• SOCIAL STRUCTURE AGRICULTURE
• SECURITY OF SUPPLY
  

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FIRST USE OF PEANUT OIL IN1895 BY DR RUDOLF
DIESEL

• The use of vegetable oils for engine fuels may
  seem insignificant today. But such oils may
  become in course of time as important as
  petroleum and the coal tar products of the
  present time." 

(1858 1913)
1912
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WORLD EXPERIENCE ON BIODIESEL
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BIODIESEL IN EUROPE

• Biodiesel has been produced on an industrial
  scale in EU
• since 1992, largely in response to positive
  signals from the EU
• institutions.
• In 2001, it is estimated that some twenty plants
  produced around 1 million tonnes, mainly in
• Austria,
• Belgium,
• France,
• Germany,
• Italy,
• Sweden.
•  

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EU TARGETS FOR BIOFUEL
Biodiesel growth 25/ Year Germany/Austria-no
tax, UK 20 lower tax Other Countries 0-10 of
diesel Tax
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US Lead A Senate Report

• Analyze the agricultural sector and macroeconomic
  impacts of the Hagel-Johnson renewable energy
  bill (S.1006)
• Requires a minimum percentage of motor vehicle
  fuel sold in the U.S. must be renewable fuel.
• 0.8 in 2002 to 5 by 2012 ( NOW MAY BE 8 )
• Renewable fuels are biodiesel, ethanol or other
  fuel produced from biomass and biogas.

JMU-07/01
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Biodiesel Production
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What US people pay for in a gallon of
diesel (Dec, 2002) Retail Price 1.29 /
gallon Retail Price Rs.16.85 / L
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BIODIESEL vs OTHER ALTERNATE FUELS
DIESEL CNG LNG METHANOL ETHANOL
BIODIESEL ________________________________________
___________________________________ Vehicle
cost 10 5 5 5 5 10 Infrastructure 10 2 5 5 5 10
Safety 7 4 3 1 3 8 Operating range 10 5 10 10 1
0 10 Operating cost 10 5 7 5 5 7 Reliability 10 7
5 3 3 10 Customer acceptance 5 8 8 8 9 8 Fund
ing assistance 1 10 2 0 2 2 Training
cost 10 5 5 5 5 10 Fuel availability 10 10 5 5 5
6 Fuel quality 9 5 10 8 8 9 Fuel price
stability 6 8 8 6 6 6 TOTAL 98 74 73 61 66 96
__
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• WHAT IS BIODIESEL ?
• Biodiesel is vegetable oil processed to resemble
  Diesel Fuel
• High Cetane
• High lubricity
• Comparable BTU content
• Readily mixes with diesel
• Ready to use in diesel run engines

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IMPORTANCE OF BIODIESEL

• Environment friendly
• Clean burning
• Renewable fuel
• No engine modification
• Increase in engine life
• Biodegradable and non-toxic
• Easy to handle and store

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BIODIESEL

• Made by chemically combining any natural oil or
  fat with an alcohol
• Most of the oils, edible non-edible are
  suitable
• Selection of feed stock based on
• Availability
• Price
• Policy
• France,Germany Italy currently the leaders

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RAW MATERIALS

• Rapeseed, the major source (gt80)
• Sunflower oil (10, Italy and Southern France)
• Soybean oil (USA Brazil)
• Palm oil (Malaysia)
• Linseed, olive oils (Spain)
• Cottonseed oil (Greece)
• Beef tallow (Ireland), lard, used frying oil
  (Austria), Jatropha (Nicaragua South Americas),
  Guang-Pi (China)

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BASIC REACTION
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BIODIESEL SPECIFICATIONS
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BIODIESEL PROCESS ATIOC (RD )

• Base catalyzed transesterification of oil
• RAW MATERIALS USED
• Rice Bran oil
• Sunflower oil
• Mohuva oil
• Rapeseed oil
• Japtropha oil
• Karanjia oil
• SCALE 100g to 60kg batch

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IOC RD BIODIESEL PILOT-PLANT
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BIODIESEL-Why Lower Emissions ?

• Biodiesel has high cetane
• In built Oxygen content
• Burns fully
• Has no Sulphur
• No Aromatics
• Complete CO2 cycle

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Emissions Reductions B20 emissions reductions
compared to petroleum diesel Carbon monoxide
-20 Unburned hydrocarbons -30 Particulate
matter -22 Sulfates -20 NPAH -50
Mutagenicity -20
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Environmental Concerns
Emissions by combustion engine (100B)
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PETRO-DIESEL CO2 CYCLE 13 pounds of fossil CO2
released per gallon burned

Fossil CO2 Release to Atmosphere
Refining
Use in Cars and Trucks
Exploration
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BIODIESEL CO2 CYCLE No fossil CO2 Released No
global warming
Renewable CO2
Use in Cars and Trucks
Oil Crops
Biodiesel Production
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BUS POWERED ALTERNATIVE FUELS
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WIDE ACCEPTANCE

• By diesel vehicle industry
• Audi BMW Case Claas
• Deutz Iseki John Deere Kubota
• Massey-Ferguson Mercedes-Benz Nissan
• Puegot Renault Same Seat
• Skoda Steyr Valmet Volkswagen
• Volvo
• By the fuel trade e.g, ELF, Texaco, Shell, Total
• By the end-user bus companies, taxi fleets,
  forestry enterprises,railroad, boat owners
• A total of 128 production sites (capacity
  500-120,000 tons/annum)

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LUBRICITY-Major Benefit
LONG TERM ENGINE WEAR EXTENSIVELY STUDIED IN
EUROPE THE US EXXON STUDY B20 PROVIDE,
SIGNIFICANT, QUANTIFIABLE IMPROVEMENTS IN
WEAR FILM FORMING ABILITY 93 FILM (B20) 32
FILM (DIESEL) EPA RULE (JAN. 2001) TO BRING
DOWN SULFUR CONTENT IN DIESEL FROM 500 ppm TO 15
ppm BY 2006 LUBRICITY TEST HAVE SHOWN THAT
UPTO 2 OF BIODIESEL IS ENOUGH TO MAKE ANY
DISTILLATE FUEL FULLY LUBRICIOUS
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FUEL CONSUMPTION

• Biodiesel contains 10 oxygen
• Brake-specific fuel consumption figures
• Petrodiesel 0.43 lb/HP-hr
• B20 0.44
• B100 0.50

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BIODIESEL IS REALITY NOW

• Large number of surveys done
• Variety of feed stocks tested
• Transesterification developed on commercial scale
• Biodiesel specs. By ASTM others
• About 40 million mile testing
• Approval by auto OEMs
• Tax structure in place in several countries
• Future projections firmed up
• Legalisations in place in many countries
• INDIA HAS TROPICAL ADVANTAGE
• ENORMOUS WASTE LANDS CHEAP FARM LABOUR
• BIODIESEL IN INDIA CAN BE SUCCESS STORY

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US RAILROAD BIODIESEL

• Sierra Railroad in California, oldest company
• First to use biodiesel as fuel
• 1500 locos to be converted
• Need 30 million gallon of Biofuels/Year
• 3.5 lac acres of land farm
• 3000 additional jobs
• Shall meet EPA norms for 2006

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RAIL ROAD TEST PROGRAM ON BIODIESEL (1999)

• 4000 HP (2984 KW) gas turbine powered
  passenger locomotive
• Several Biofuels tested (REE, SME, etc.)
• Turbine maintenance cost compared
• Energy content, compatibilities, emission, cost
  compared to diesel
• Emission data studies
• Cost/Km/Unit energy (power) calculated
• Biodiesel holds future in railroad applications
• Remarkable reduction in emission Report at
  www.nrbp.org

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BIODIESEL AND ECONOMY

• An increase of 1 per barrel of crude oil prices
  adds 425 million to our oil import bill
• Oil import constitutes a major part of our trade
  deficit and has an enormous impact on our economy
  and creation of new jobs
• The US dept of Energy estimates that each
  billion of trade deficit costs the US 27,000
  jobs
• Developing a strong market for biodiesel would
  have tremendous economic benefits
• Investments in biodiesel technology may ensure
  that we have transportation fuel options and we
  will not be so vulnerable

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THE INDIAN SCENE

• Annual growth rate 6 compared to world average
  of 2
• Oil pool deficit Subsidies Rs 16,000 crores ,
  Rs 18,440 crores (1996-97)
• Current per capita usage of petroleum is
  absymmaly low (0.1 ton/year) against 4.0 in
  Germany or 1.5 tons in Malaysia
• Even Malaysias figure would be beyond our paying
  capacity
• Our domestic production would meet only 33 of
  demand at the end of 10th plan and only 27 by
  2010-11
• INVESTMENT IN BIOFUELS MAKE STRONG ECONOMIC SENSE

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CAN BIODIESEL WORK IN INDIA?

• India with just 2.4 of global area supports more
  than 16 of the human population and 17 of the
  cattle population
• India is one of the largest importers of edible
  oil
• Where do we find the oil for biodiesel?
• A sustainable source of vegetable oil is to be
  found before we can think of biodiesel

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JATROPHA MAY BE THE ANSWER?

• According to the Economic Survey (1995-96), Govt
  of India, of the cultivable land area about
  100-150 million hectares are classified as waste
  or degraded land
• Jatropha (Jatropha curcas, Ratanjyot, wild
  castor) thrives on any type of soil
• Needs minimal inputs or management
• Has no insect ,pests not browsed by cattle or
  sheep
• Can survive long periods of drought
• Propagation is easy
• Yield from the 3rd year onwards and continues for
  25-30 years
• 25 oil from seeds by expelling 30 by solvent
  extraction
• The meal after extraction an excellent organic
  manure (38 protein, NPK ratio 2.71.21)

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Jatropha Plantation

• Study by Agro-Forestry Federation Maharashtra
  (1991)
• Jatropha is a hardy plant.
• Well adopted to arid, semi-arid conditions.
• Low fertility and moisture demand.
• Grow on stony, shallow or even calcareous soil.
• Propagated through seed or cuttings.
• Tolerate to scanty to heavy rainfall.

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Jatropha Plantation

• 5-6Kg seed / hectare, 2500 plants / hectare
• EXPECTED YIELDS

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BIODIESEL FROM JATROPHA

• IF
• 10 MILLION HECATRES OF WASTE LAND IS BROUGHT
  UNDER JATROPHA CULTIVATION
• Can yield 15 million tons of seed (_at_1.5 Tons /
  Hectare )
• 4.0 million tons of oil
• An equivalent amount of biodiesel, almost one
  tenth requirement of diesel in the country
• Enormous employment generation potential in rural
  areas
• If only 1 person/family is employed per 5
  hectares for jatropha cultivation, additional 2
  million new jobs
• 200 new extraction units of 250 tpd capacity to
  crush the seeds
• 11 Million tons of excellent organic manure
• 0.4 million tons of technical grade glycerol

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Effect on Rural Economy

• Seed price Rs. 4/Kg.
• Seed yield 3000Kg / hectare.
• 5 hectare plantation / family.
• 60,000 Rs / year income.
• Additionally
• Waste lands converted to productive national
  assets.
• Creation of jobs in downstream processing.
• GAINFUL employment in rural sector.
• Contribution to national energy pool.

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INDIAN INITIATIVE ON BIODIESEL

• Indian Govt. has taken a serious note of
  Biodiesel
• Planning Commission has set up committees on
• Product development
• Engine studies
• Legal regulations
• Plantations
• Specifications
• Marketing
• Environmental issues
• REPORT PRESENTED

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WHY BIODIESEL IMPORTANT FOR RAILWAYS

• Indian Rail has very large available land
• Bodiesel will help Railways to
• Improve upon emission norms
• Eventually reduce diesel cost
• Contribute to Environment protection
  

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BIODIESEL-INDIAN RAILWAYSACTIONS TAKEN

• Presentations given to
• RDSO
• Railway Board
• Honable MR
• Task force Setup
• Indianoil as partner in development testing
  supply
• PARTNERSHIP OF NATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE