Electronic Fare Collection

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Electronic Fare Collection
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Vehicle
-
Based Systems (Fixed
-
Route)
Vehicle
-
Based Systems (Fixed
-
Route)
Driver Interface
Driver Interface
GPS Receiver
GPS Receiver
and Display
and Display
Smart Card
Smart Card
Reader and
Reader and
Status Information
Status Information
Processing
Processing
for Transit Signal
for Transit Signal
Priority
Priority
Electronic
Electronic
Destination Sign
Destination Sign
On
-
Board
On
-
Board
Exterior Route
Exterior Route
Emergency
Emergency
Automatic Vehicle
Automatic Vehicle
and Destination
and Destination
Alarm
Alarm
Location and
Location and
Announcements
Announcements
Mobile Processing
Mobile Processing
Digital Security
Digital Security
Next Stop
Next Stop
Cameras
Cameras
Displays
Displays
Data Radio/
Data Radio/
Next Stop
Next Stop
Collision
Collision
Message and
Message and
Announcements
Announcements
Avoidance
Avoidance
AVL
AVL
Automatic
Automatic
Transmission
Transmission
Passenger
Passenger
Wireless Data
Wireless Data
Counters
Counters
Vehicle Systems
Vehicle Systems
On
-
Off Load
On
-
Off Load
Sensors
Sensors
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Fare Collection Evolution

• Cash only
• Tickets and tokens
• Monthly pass
• Magnetic stripe pass
• Smart card

Electronic
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Electronic Fare Collection Benefits

• Seamless regional travel
• Encourage ridership
• Faster boarding
• Regional revenue reconciliation
• Customer convenience fare incentives
• Administrative operational efficiencies
• Easier to track revenue and ridership
• Route, Bus stop, Time of day

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Smart Cards

• Plastic card with imbedded chip
• Contact
• Contactless
• Combi
• Value options
• Number of rides
• Valid time period
• Electronic purse (stored value)
• Combination of the above

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Smart Card Benefits

• Replaceable (if registered)
• New capabilities
• Marketing incentives (eg. 10th ride free)
• Distance-based fares
• Multi-purpose
• Social services benefits

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Smart Card Implementation Issues

• Limit fare media to just Smart Cards and cash?
• How to distribute
• How to check value
• How to add value
• Where is clearing house function for multi-agency
  cards?
• Collecting and disbursing revenue

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More Implementation Issues

• Privacy
• Transit-only or multi-use
• Contact, contactless or combi cards
• Maintenance
• Multi-purpose requirements
• Card longevity vs. cost
• Current lack of standards

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Central Puget Sound Smart Card Project

• 3 - 4 counties
• 5 - 7 bus, rail ferry agencies
• 3M pop/1.6M commuters
• 7-39 inter-county commuters
• 130M annual trips
• 160M annual revenue
• 3rd most congested US traffic
• 7 agency system cost estimate 17M - 28M

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Project Demonstration Equipment
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Operating Concept Highlights

• One System
• Common fare collection system for bus, ferries
  and rail.
• One Fare Medium
• Smart card replaces 300 pass and ticket types and
  some cash and provides new fare incentives.
• One Service Contract
• Vendor provides 10 regionally consistent customer
  and clearinghouse services.

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Operating Concept Highlights

• Three Primary System Functions
• On-board/terminal/station fare collection
• Automatic fare vending and card revalue options
• Regional revenue data reconciliation
• Fare Policy
• Region-wide standard pass categories and transfer
  policies
• Agency-specific fares and incentives.

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Systems Integration

• Onboard Bus smart card driver control unit with
  farebox, radio, AVL, destination signs
• Bus-to-Base wireless data on/offload
  communications
• Security (potential) employee I.D.,
  building/parking/computer access, other municipal
  uses

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Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)
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Major Elements of BRT

1. Running Ways
2. Stations
3. Vehicles
4. Fare Collection
5. ITS
6. Operations Planning
7. Image/Identity/Branding

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BRT Concepts

• Reducing Travel Times
• Running Way Travel Time
• Station Dwell Time
• Wait Time
• Transfer Time
• Making Travel Times More Reliable
• Running Way Reliability
• Station Dwell Reliability
• Improving the Image
• Identity
• Branding
• Community Integration

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More BRT Concepts

• Enhancing the Passenger Experience
• Accessibility
• Passenger Comfort
• Passenger Safety
• Passenger Security
• Making Systems More Efficient
• High Capacity
• Enhanced Revenue
• Enhanced System Management

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Ottawa, Ontario
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Los Angeles, California
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Boston, Massachusetts
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Curitiba, Brazil
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BRT ITS Elements

• Vehicle Prioritization
• Signal Timing / Phasing
• Station and Lane Access Control
• Transit Signal Priority
• IVI Technology
• Collision Avoidance
• Collision Warning
• Lane Assist
• Precision Docking Technology

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More BRT ITS Elements

• Fare Collection
• Station-based Electronic Fare Payment
• Vehicle-based Electronic Fare Payment
• Operations Management
• Advanced Communication System
• Automated Scheduling Dispatch System
• Vehicle Mechanical Monitoring
• Vehicle Tracking

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And Still More BRT ITS Elements

• Passenger Information
• Traveler Information at Station/Stop
• Traveler Information on/for Person
• Traveler Information on Vehicle
• Trip Itinerary Planning
• Other Technology
• Archived Data
• Passenger Counter
• Silent Alarms
• Voice and Video Monitoring

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BRT Results

• In one year Silver Line ridership increased 84
  from 7,625 passengers a day to more than 14,000
• Metro Rapid Demonstration

Wilshire/Whittier Corridor Ventura Corridor
Operating Speeds Up 29 Up 23
Ridership Up 32.6 Up 26.4
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Connection Protection
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Transfer Point Coordination

• Transfers
• A necessary evil for fixed route service
• Transfers allow
• Access between more locations
• More frequent service to all locations at the
  same cost
• High volume movements to major points
• Small vehicle service to low volume points

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Transfer Point Coordination

• People dont like to transfer
• Takes too much time
• Effected by the weather
• Worried about missing connections
• Frequent headways help
• For many locations, frequent headways are not
  possible
• Connection Protection facilitates transfers --
  especially from frequent services to less
  frequent services

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Salt Lake City, Utah

• Improve reliability of transfers from TRAX to
  selected connecting bus routes
• System constantly monitors train schedule
  adherence looks at estimated arrival times at
  next 3 stations
• If the lateness of the train is within a
  pre-determined threshold, a Hold instruction is
  sent to connecting buses

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Object Detection and Collision Avoidance
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Frontal Collision Warning
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Side Obstacle Detection

• Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
• Ultrasonic sensors

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Paratransit Routing and Scheduling
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Customer Information
Demand
-
Response Central Control
Paratransit
Demand
Fare Structure
Demand
Response
Response
Routing and
Trip Request
Eligibility
Scheduling
Confirmation
Demand
-
Response
Revenue Data
Demand
Internet
-
Based
Response Service
Demand
-
Response
Dispatch and
Demand
Service Status
Vehicle Tracking
Response
Performance Data
Vehicle
-
Based Systems (Demand
-
Response)
GPS Receiver
Data Radio/
Wireless Data
Message and AVL
On
-
Off Load
Transmission
Emergency
Alarm
Smart Card
Driver Interface
Reader and
and Display
Processing
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Transit Vehicle Communications Standards
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Capabilities

• Collection of
• Automated vehicle location information
• Operational data (e.g., automated passenger
  counts and electronic fare payment information)
  and maintenance data (e.g., vehicle status and
  operating parameters)
• Providing
• Transit vehicle driver with electronic dispatch
  and routing instructions
• Traveler information to the vehicle, which in
  turn can provide it to the transit users.
• Support for emergency or "Mayday" alerts from the
  transit vehicle

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Transit Communication Interface Protocols (TCIP)

• Spatial Representation
• Scheduling/Runcutting
• Passenger Information
• Onboard Integration
• Incident Management
• Fare Collection
• Control Center
• Rules for Standardizing Street Names and Route
  Ids
• Message Set and Data Dictionary for Advanced
  Traveler Information Systems

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