The Importance of Infrastructure Interdependencies Robert M' Samborski Executive Director, GITA

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The Importance of Infrastructure
Interdependencies Robert M. SamborskiExecutive
Director, GITA
Annapolis, Maryland February 24, 2009
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Presentation Agenda

• Critical Infrastructure Overview
• Definitions
• Critical Infrastructure and Key Assets
• Critical Infrastructure Interdependencies
• Communications, Electric, Gas/Oil,
  Transportation, and Water/Wastewater
• Baltimores Howard Street Tunnel Train Derailment
• Infrastructure Interdependencies Classifications
• GITAs GECCo and Infrastructure Interdependency
  Project Research

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Critical Infrastructure Overview
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Definitions

• Critical Infrastructure those systems and
  assets, whether physical or virtual, so vital to
  the United States that the incapacity or
  destruction of such systems and assets would have
  a debilitating impact on security, national
  economic security, national public health or
  safety, or any combinations of those matters.

Source USA PATRIOT Act of 2001
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Definitions

• Key Assets individual targetswhose
  destruction could cause large-scale injury,
  death, or destruction of property, and/or
  profoundly damage our national prestige and
  confidence.

Source National Strategy for the Physical
Protection of Critical Infrastructure and Key
Assets (February 2003)
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Critical Infrastructure and Key Assets

• Agriculture and Food 1,912,000 farms, 87,000
  processing plants
• Water 1,800 federal reservoirs, 1,600 municipal
  waste water facilities
• Public Health 5,800 registered hospitals
• Emergency Services 87,000 localities
• Defense Industrial Base 250,000 firms in 215
  industries
• Telecommunications 2,000,000,000 miles of cable
• Chemical Industry 66,000 chemical plants
• Postal and Shipping 137 million delivery sites
• Banking and Finance 26,600 FDIC insured
  institutions

National Strategy for the Physical Protection of
Critical Infrastructures and Key Assets, The
White House, Washington D.C., February 2003
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Critical Infrastructure and Key Assets

• Key Assets
• National monuments and icons 5,800 historic
  buildings
• Nuclear power plants 104 commercial nuclear
  power plants
• Dams 80,000 dams
• Government facilities 3,000 government owned
  facilities
• Commercial Assets
• - 460 skyscrapers
• Energy
• 2800 electric power plants
• Oil and Natural Gas 300,000 producing sites

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Critical Infrastructure and Key Assets

• Transportation
• Aviation 5,000 public airports
• Bridges 590,000 highwaybridges
• Railroads 120,000 miles of major railroads
• Pipelines 2,000,000 miles of pipelines
• Maritime 300 inland/coastal ports
• Mass Transit 500 major urban public transit
  operators

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Critical Infrastructure Interdependencies
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Critical Infrastructure Interdependencies
Source Heller, M (2001). Interdependencies of
Civil Infrastructure Systems. The
Bridge, a publication of the Nation Academy
of Engineering. V. , 31, 2001
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Highly Connected and Essential Infrastructure and
Asset Types
Based on the National Infrastructure Simulation
Analysis Center - CapabilityDevelopment
Strategy. Content modified to support GITAs
GECCo Program.
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Critical Infrastructure

• The Presidents Commission on Critical
  Infrastructure Protection Identified Eight (8)
  Critical Infrastructures
• Telecommunications
• Electric Power Systems
• Natural Gas and Oil
• Transportation
• Water Supply System
• Banking and Finance
• Government Services
• Emergency Services

Denotes GITAs GECCo program and Critical
Infrastructure Interdependency project focus.
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Infrastructure Interdependencies
Electric Grid
Sewer Lines
TransportationNetwork
Communications
Water Lines
Source Critical Infrastructure Interdependencies
Modeling A Survey of U.S. and International
Research, Idaho National Laboratory
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Communications Infrastructure Interdependencies
Distribution Automation, EMS, and SCADA
Communications
Electric
Customer Service and Repair Crew Communications
Control System and SCADA Communications
Water/Waste
Customer Service/Repair Crew Communications
Transportation
Gas/Oil
SCADA Communications
Repair CrewCommunication
Customer Service and Repair Crew Communications
EmergencyResponse
Signal and Control System Communications
Emergency Communications
Health and Safety Services
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Electric Infrastructure Interdependencies
Communication Facilities
Communications
Switches
Control Systems
Water/Waste
Pumps, Lift Stations, and Facilities
Transportation
Control Systems
Gas/Oil
Pumping Stations, Storage, Compressors, and
Facilities
Goods Delivery andPublic Transportation
EmergencyResponse
Signaling and Switches
Health and Safety Services
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Gas/Oil Infrastructure Interdependencies
Generators and Facilities
Communications
Heat for Facilities
Water Treatment and Heat for Facilities
Water/Waste
Pumps, Lift Stations,and Facilities
Transportation
Electric
Heat for Facilities
Transport of Goods and Material
Generators and Lubricants for Facilities
EmergencyResponse
Transportation
Health and Safety Services
Heat for Facilities
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Transportation Infrastructure Interdependencies
Coordination of Goods and Services
Communications
Inspections and Maintenance
Transport of Water and Equipment
Water/Waste
Inspections andMaintenance
Gas/Oil
Electric
Transport of Fuel
Inspections andMaintenance
Inspections and Maintenance
EmergencyResponse
Transport of Equipment
Transport of Fuels
Health and Safety Services
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Water/Wastewater Infrastructure Interdependencies
Cooling Facilities
Communications
Emissions Control
Cooling Facilities
Electric
Transportation
Production and Treatment
Gas/Oil
Cooling Facilities
Construction
Emissions Control
EmergencyResponse
Transport and Delivery
Health and Safety Services
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Baltimores Howard Street TunnelTrain
Derailment, July 19, 2001
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Baltimores Howard Street TunnelTrain
Derailment, July 19, 2001

• 62 car freight train carrying hazardous chemicals
  derailed in Baltimores Howard Street Tunnel
• Caused a cascading degradation of infrastructure
  components not previously anticipated
• Tunnel fire caused a water main to break above
  the tunnel
• The water caused flooding in the area
• The flooding knocked out power to large area of
  downtown Baltimore
• Fiber optic cables running through the tunnel
  were destroyed, resulting in major disruptions of
  communications (voice and data)
• Rail service was also disrupted for weeks
  effecting manufacturing along the Middle Atlantic
  states

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Critical Infrastructure Independency Matrix Sample
High
Medium
Low
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Infrastructure Interdependencies Classifications

• Physical a physical reliance on material flow
  from one infrastructure to another
• Cyber a reliance on information transfer
  between infrastructure assets
• Geographic a local environmental event affects
  components across multiple infrastructures due to
  physical proximity
• Logical a dependency that exists between
  infrastructures that does not fall into one of
  the above categories

Source Rinaldi, Peerenboom, and Kelly (2001)
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Critical Infrastructure Cascading Consequences
Example
First Order Effects
Second Order Effects
Third Order Effects
Communications
EmergencyResponse
Network OpsCenters
Limited Communication
Response Disruption
Disruption of Calls
Disaster Causes
Water Supply
Medical Facilities
MedicalTreatment
Lose of Water Supply
Limited Medical Care
Disruption of Water Pumps
Cogeneration
Gas Production
Gas/OilSupply
Reduced Power
Lose of Fuel
Vehicle AirTransport
StorageTerminals
Power Supply Disruption
Disruptions ofProduction Pipelines
Disruption of Fuel
Disruption of Flights
Transportation
GoodsDelivery
Signaling Switches
Travel Disruption
Financial Losses
Closed Roads
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Geospatial Interdependenciesof Critical
Infrastructure
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Geospatial Interdependencies of Critical
Infrastructure

• Infrastructure assets are geospatially
  interdependent if a local event can create state
  changes in all of them.
• Geospatial interdependency occurs when elements
  of multiple infrastructure are in close spatial
  proximity.
• An explosion or fire creates correlated
  disturbances or change in geographically
  interdependent infrastructures.
• Correlated changes are not due to physical or
  cyber connections between infrastructures but
  the influence the events exerts on all the
  infrastructures simultaneously.

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Geospatial Interdependencies of Critical
Infrastructure
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Geospatial Interdependencies of Critical
Infrastructure
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Infrastructure Modeling Tools
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GECCo and InfrastructureInterdependency Research

• Ongoing GECCo research is focused
  on critical infrastructure by identifying and
  addressing
• intra- and inter-organizational collaboration and
  coordination
• implementation of consensus driven practices and
  standards
• information access and exchange and
• geospatial dimensions of critical infrastructure
  interdependencies.

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www.gita.org/ciper
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Thank You