Profiles of the Key Populations - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

About This Presentation
Title:

Profiles of the Key Populations

Description:

Profiles of the Key Populations – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:316
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 118
Provided by: Decu151
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: Profiles of the Key Populations


1
Part II
  • Profiles of the Key Populations

2
German
  • In the target areas of Macomb County, People
    reporting German Ancestry are the largest group.
    This is consistent with the U.S. Population in
    general In total, 109,879 people reported German
    ancestry to the Census Bureau, which is 22.9 of
    the total population of the six cities.

3
German
  • German-Americans of Macomb County are mostly born
    in the US. Only 2 of that population is foreign
    born. 90.7 of foreign born Germans in the Macomb
    County entered the United States before 1990.
  • 4.6 of German households in Macomb County are
    classified as single-mother households (the
    county average is 5.8).

4
Polish
  • Polish ancestry was the second most widely
    reported in the selected geographies of Macomb
    County. 90,501 residents claimed Polish ancestry,
    which equals 18.8 of the total population of the
    target areas.

5
Polish
  • A relatively small percentage of Polish-Americans
    in Macomb County is foreign born (3.5). However,
    of the foreign born Poles 28.2 entered in the
    1990s and 10.8 entered the US in the year 2000
    or after.
  • 7 of the Polish population of Macomb County
    speaks Polish at home (an estimated 6,000 people
    in the target communities).

6
Polish
  • Median Family income of Polish families slightly
    exceeds the county average (73,401 compared to
    69,063).
  • 4.3 of all Polish households are composed of a
    single mother with children under 18, while the
    county average is 5.8.

7
Italian
  • Italian ancestry was well represented in the
    selected locations. 13.2 of the total population
    reported Italian background (63,563 residents of
    the selected target communities).

8
Italian
  • 5 of the Italian-American population of Macomb
    County is foreign born. Of the foreign born
    Italians, 94.6 of Italians entered the United
    States before 1990. Only 2.3 came after the year
    2000.

9
Italian
  • Italians are slightly wealthier than the average
    Macomb County family, with the Italian median
    family income being 74,539 (compared to the
    general populations 69,063).

10
Irish
  • There are 57,533 people claiming Irish ancestry
    in the selected cities of Macomb County, which
    accounts to 12 of the total population.
  • About 1 of the Irish-Americans living in Macomb
    County are foreign born.
  • 6.4 of Irish households in Macomb County are
    classified as single-mother households (the
    county average is 5.8)

11
Irish
  • Because it is an older immigrant group, the
    socioeconomic indicators for that population, as
    in the case with German-Americans, are almost
    identical to the general populations.

12
African-American
  • There are 28,628 residents reporting Black or
    African-American as their race in the selected
    geographies of Macomb County, which accounts for
    6 of the total population.

13
African-American
  • The African-American population in Macomb County
    is relatively small (only 6 of the county is
    African-American, compared to 12.4 in the
    country, as a whole)
  • 21.6 of the African-American households of
    Macomb County are single-mother households with
    children (5.8 is the county average).

14
African-American
  • Median family income of African-American families
    in Macomb County is 49,973, which is
    significantly lower than the County average of
    63,063.

15
Asian
  • There are 18,755 people self-identifying as Asian
    in the selected target communities which is 3.9
    of the total population of those geographies.

16
Asian
  • Out of the entire population of Macomb County,
    28 of all Asians are Indians, while 22 claim
    Filipino ancestry. Those two largest Asian
    populations are followed by much smaller groups
    such as Chinese (10.6 of Asians), Hmong (9.7),
    Vietnamese (8.3), and Koreans (7.4).

17
Asian
  • Asian-Americans of Macomb County are mostly
    foreign born (69). 27.3 entered the US in 2000
    or later, and 36.7 speak English language less
    than very well.
  • The educational attainment of the Asian
    population in Macomb County is well above the
    county average.

18
Asian
  • 35.5 of Asians hold a Bachelors degree and
    17.2 have a graduate or professional degree
    (compared to, respectively, 14 and 7.1 of the
    county population).
  • Median Asian family income is comparable to the
    county average.
  • 3.2 of Asian households in Macomb County are
    classified as single-mother households with
    children (the county average is 5.8)

19
Arab
  • Arab ancestry is reported by 14,386 people in the
    selected cities in Macomb County. That amounts to
    3 of the total population of those cities.

20
Arab
  • According to the Detroit Arab-American Study, 58
    of Arab Americans residing in Macomb County are
    Christians. Of the Christians, 73 are Catholics,
    24 are Orthodox, and 3 are Protestants. 42 of
    Arab-Americans are Muslim, with 23 of those
    being Shia and 15 being Sunni.

21
Arab
  • About 66 of Arab-Americans consider themselves
    white. The rest usually indicate membership in an
    other race.
  • 75 of Arab-Americans are foreign born Of those
    37 have come to the US from Lebanon and Syria,
    35 are from Iraq, 12 from Palestine and
    Jordan, and 9 from Yemen.

22
Arab
  • 86 of Arab-Americans speak a language other than
    English at home, however, 80 declare that they
    speak English well.
  • 25 report a family income of 100,000 or above,
    which is considerably higher than the average
    for the general population.

23
Arab
  • Arab-Americans born in the US are even more
    affluent (36 report a family income of 100,000
    or more, while only 7 report income of less than
    20,000) .
  • However, there are also more Arab-Americans who
    report family income of under 20,000 than the
    general population (24 of Arabs compared to 18
    of the general public).

24
Hispanic/Latino
  • 1.1 of the population of the Macomb County
    target communities self-identifies as
    Hispanic/Latino. Thus there are 5,221 residents
    claiming Hispanic ethnicity in those geographies.

25
Hispanic/Latino
  • Michigan Hispanics are in large numbers foreign
    born (29). 34.9 entered the United States in
    2000 or later.
  • 58.1 of Michigan Hispanics speak a language
    other than English at home, and 28.4 report that
    they speak English less than very well.

26
Hispanic/Latino
  • Median family income of a Hispanic family in
    Michigan is significantly lower than the average
    family (40,698 compared to 60,269).
  • 13 of Hispanic households in Michigan are
    classified as single-mother with children
    households (the state average is 7.5).

27
Hispanic/Latino
  • The Michigan Hispanics report lower education
    levels than the general population. 8.9 of
    Hispanics hold a Bachelors degree, and 5.1 of
    Hispanics holds a graduate or professional degree
    (compared to, respectively, 15.1 and 9.3 of the
    general population).

28
Hispanic/Latino
  • Because the drinking patterns of Hispanic
    groups vary, it is worth noting that 75.5 all
    Hispanics are Mexican, 8.1 are Puerto Rican,
    4.1 are Central American, with Guatemalans being
    the largest group and 2.9 are South American
    with Columbians and Argentineans being the two
    largest groups.

29
Hispanic/Latino
  • By race, 49.4 are white, 2.4 are Black, 38.7
    designate themselves as some other race and
    7.3 say they are of two or more races. These
    figures represent the state of Michigan as a
    whole. There is no separate breakdown for Macomb
    County available.

30
Religious Affiliations
31
Macomb County Religious Affiliations
Source The Association of Religion Data
Archives, 2000
32
Catholics
  • The Archdiocese of Detroits 2008 figures on the
    affiliated Catholic population of Macomb County
    is 240,744 individuals and 84,130 households.
  • We estimate that Catholics make up 30 of the
    total population of the selected areas (we
    estimate the number of Catholics in the target
    communities to be between 138,000 and 140,000).

33
Protestants
  • There were 90,103 white Protestants in Macomb
    County, according to the 2000 study by the
    Association of the Religious Data Archives. Of
    these, 69 are Evangelical Christians, and 31
    belong to Mainline Protestant denominations.

34
Protestants
  • We estimate that there are between 45,000 and
    50,000 African-American Protestants belonging
    primarily to Evangelical and Pentecostal
    Churches. The ARDA estimates 438,874 persons in
    Macomb County who are officially unaffiliated
    with any congregation. Most are probably
    Protestant in orientation. There are, in
    addition, aside from those who identify as
    Jewish, about 4,500 persons affiliated with
    non-Christian faiths.

35
Jewish Americans
  • The Census Bureau does not report on populations
    by religion. The most likely ancestry choice for
    people who consider themselves Jewish by religion
    or culture is Russian.

36
Jewish Americans
  • The study of the Jewish population conducted by
    the Jewish Federation of Metropolitan Detroit in
    2005 identifies about 300 Jewish households in
    the target areas of Macomb County, with St. Clair
    Shores having about 2/3 of the total. This
    comprises approximately 800-1,000 people.

37
Outline of Ethnic and Religious Drinking Cultures
  • There is a vast body of literature that has
    focused on alcohol use and population diversity
    since the 1940s. It is from this rich collection
    of social science data and studies that we will
    draw an understanding of culture to drinking
    patterns that will provide a background for
    community to use in addressing key issues related
    to the prevention of problems associated with
    alcohol use.

38
Premises and Assumptions
  • Scholars have long noted a basic difference
    between Protestant and Catholic cultures in the
    European world from which the majority of the
    current population of the United States descends.
    They have also examined the differences between
    ethno-religious groups in the United States. The
    distinction is important because differences stem
    not only from the religion and culture in the
    place of origin but also reflect the experience
    of the group in America. African American
    culture is a prime example of the preponderant
    significance of the second factor.

39
  • The new world experience often modified the
    patterns brought from the place of origin, but it
    rarely obliterated them entirely. The American
    or White patterns of alcohol use are themselves
    a modification and acculturation of
    Anglo/Germanic subculture practices and thus
    represent one important variant of northern
    European Protestant patterns.
  • There are also significant regional differences
    in that norm, in particular the drinking patterns
    in the southern United States.

40
  • Acculturation to general U.S. norms is often not
    the same across different ethnic groups. There
    are also differential acculturation patterns for
    each ethnic group so that while some cultural
    practices change, others remain unchanged or are
    only marginally affected. In some cases, the
    drinking patterns show remarkable persistence
    despite many generations of acculturation in the
    United States. A 1998 study by D.A. Dawson has
    pointed out the stability of drinking subcultures
    of European ethnic groups in America over a long
    period of time.

41
White Drinking Culture?
  • The general racial/ethnic categories used in most
    general population studies are of little value in
    the study of alcohol use and abuse patterns.
    There are no real White or Asian drinking
    cultures. The diversity of ethnic groups
    described in this way is so broad that they are
    meaningless. White largely functions as a
    default category or a placeholder for national
    average. It is without cultural significance.
    There are also significant variations among
    groups lumped under the category
    Hispanic/Latino.

42
Black Culture
  • The racial designation Black is usually treated
    as synonymous with African Americans and as such,
    does designate a people who share a racial/ethnic
    identity and a common culture. There are,
    however, a number of groups who share the same
    racial identification but not the culture. These
    include ethnic groups of the Caribbean origin and
    recent immigrants from Africa itself.

43
Drinking Cultures
  • Historians divide Western and Mediterranean
    Europe into two broad cultural zones for purposes
    of defining drinking cultures The former
    provinces of the Roman Empire, that speak a
    Romance language, are largely Catholic, consume
    wine as the chief alcohol drink and have a
    commercial wine industry. This area would also
    include Greece, which is Orthodox and Greek
    speaking. The second region is Protestant,
    Germanic in language and culture, uses beer as
    its alcohol of choice and was not part of the
    Roman Empire (or not for long in the case of
    England). Although there are exceptions on the
    periphery of these zones Ireland, the Rhineland,
    southwestern Germany and the Dalmatian Coast,
    they hold up well and are statistically
    significant.

44
Temperance and Non-Temperance Cultures
  • These two areas have been described by H.G.
    Levine as the temperance (Protestant/Germanic
    Europe) and non-temperance (Catholic/Mediterranean
    ) cultural zones

45
Temperance Cultures
  • Temperance cultures are strongly concerned with
    alcohol abuse and continuing approaches to
    preventing drinking problems. More drinking is
    done in all male groups in places devoted to
    drinking. Behavioral problems associated with
    drinking are more apparent in these societies and
    more attention is focused on them. It is
    significant that temperance societies consume
    less alcohol and a smaller proportion of it is
    wine than non-temperance societies.

46
Non-Temperance Cultures
  • Non-temperance societies, in contrast, consume
    more alcohol, primarily wine, and in more
    integrated social and communal settings such as
    meals and religious ceremonies or in cafes,
    restaurants or other establishments where
    drinking is not the predominant focus and where
    members of both genders and persons of different
    ages are present. More drinking takes place in
    family settings than in Temperance Cultures.

47
The Saloon
  • It is worth noting the significance of the
    different drinking venues of temperance and
    non-temperance societies for the development of
    the drinking cultures in the United States. The
    19th century saw the evolution of the 18th
    century inn into the American working class
    saloon so characteristic of Irish immigrant
    neighborhoods with its emphasis on all male
    clientele devoted almost exclusively to drinking

48
The Biergarten
  • Catholic German immigrants, primarily from
    Bavaria, brought to the United States the idea of
    the biergarten, or beer garden, which was a
    family oriented establishment that either served
    food or provided picnic-like grounds for families
    to consume food brought from home along with
    beer. Although Bavaria is German speaking and
    the beverage of choice is beer, it is also
    Catholic, located near a wine growing and
    consuming region and was on the edge of the Roman
    world for centuries. It is culturally a part of
    the non-temperance zone.

49
Cultural Differences
  • One other aspect of the distinction between
    temperance and non-temperance cultures in Europe
    bears examination. Temperance cultures, which
    see alcohol as a significant problem, generate
    organizations and social mechanisms to attack the
    problem. Thus Iceland, with one of the lowest
    levels of per capita alcohol consumption in
    Europe, has the largest number of AA branches per
    capita while Luxembourg, a non-temperance society
    with the highest per capita alcohol consumption
    in Europe, has no AA branches

50
AA in Temperance Societies
  • There is often an overall preponderance of AA
    branches in countries where the Protestant
    majority is relatively slight. It has been
    suggested that these are generated in response to
    the existence of a Non-Temperance (Catholic)
    cultural minority and the desire of the majority
    group to control the perceived problems it
    presents

51
Culture and Prohibition
  • This insight has a direct bearing on the American
    prohibition movement and the 18th Amendment,
    which most historians agree, was an attempt by
    the Protestant majority to deal with the
    perceived cultural menace of the large new
    Catholic immigration. This was the 20th
    centurys first major cultural war

52
Moderationism
  • In the wake of the Reformation, the new
    Protestant religions that emerged adopted a
    moderationist stance toward alcohol. While not
    as affirmative as the Catholic stance,
    Protestantism accepted moderate use of alcohol as
    acceptable.
  • The groups most represented here were Lutherans
    and Episcopalians.

53
The First Great Awakening
  • By the 18th century, with increasing emphasis on
    individual rather than communal religious
    experience, personal responsibility for
    salvation, a number of Protestant groups
    especially those born out of the First Great
    Awakening began to see alcohol as evil and its
    use as a sin. These included Methodists,
    Baptists and various Pentecostal groups. Thus by
    the end of 18th Century, in particular in the
    Anglo American world, alcohol was condemned from
    many pulpits and its use prohibited under pain of
    sin.

54
The Second Great Awakening
  • The second Great Awakening at the beginning of
    the 19th century reinforced the idea of the
    intrinsic evil of alcohol and the groups which
    emerged out of this revival, such as the Mormons,
    eschewed the use of alcohol with great fervor.
    The 19th century saw the spawning of large
    numbers of temperance and prohibitionist
    movements which often had wide inter-denominationa
    l support.

55
U.S.- A Temperance Society
  • It is clear that in its general approach to
    alcohol use United States society clearly falls
    into the temperance camp as a result of its
    Anglo/Germanic heritage and the dominance of
    Protestantism in the shaping of its culture. The
    extent of the dominance is shown by the fact that
    85 of all American Catholics and 90 of all
    American Jews and Orthodox Christians trace their
    ancestry to immigrants who arrived after the
    centennial of the United States in 1876.

56
East Central Europe and Ireland
  • The breakdown of Europe into temperance and
    non-temperance societies leaves large areas of
    the continent mainly East Central Europe and
    Ireland unaccounted for. These have sent a
    significant number of immigrants to the United
    States including the Detroit area.. These are
    Catholic regions that are in terms of drinking
    cultures, an intermediate area

57
East Central Europe and Ireland
  • These regions had no viniculture and were never a
    part of the Roman world. The area is heavily
    Catholic, the alcohol consumption is high and the
    perception that the society has serious alcohol
    problems is widely held. Yet temperance movements
    have not been a significant feature of the
    culture of East Central Europe. In many ways,
    the drinking patterns resemble those of Germanic
    Protestant areas. There has been some historical
    temperance activity in Ireland, but never to the
    extent it had existed in temperance areas.

58
South Asian Muslim and Middle Eastern Heritage
  • The Middle East and South Asia are largely Muslim
    and the use of alcohol is strictly forbidden by
    the Quran. Such alcohol use as exists is
    surreptitious and usually practiced by
    westernized elites. The World Health Organization
    reports that societies with majority Muslim
    populations have very high rates of abstention.
    Egypt shows 99.5 abstention. Lebanon, even with
    its large Christian minority, is cited as having
    77.4 abstention.

59
Christians in the Middle East
  • The Christian Societies in the Middle East in
    their attitudes and use of alcohol resemble
    closely non-temperance Mediterranean societies
    and they consume a low amount of alcohol per
    capita. There is pressure on Middle Eastern
    Christians, as a minority whose status is often
    precarious, to use alcohol in ways, and at rates,
    that would not offend the surrounding Muslim
    society. The sale of alcohol where permitted in
    Muslim societies is invariable in the hands of
    Christian merchants.

60
South Asia and the Far East Hindu Attitudes
Toward the Use of Alcohol
  • In the long and complex history of Hinduism,
    there have been strictures prohibiting or
    restricting the use of alcohol. In recent memory
    Mahatma Gandhi, who led the struggle for the
    independence of India from British Rule, called
    on Indians to eschew the use of alcohol in
    keeping with his deeply ascetic approach to
    Hinduism. Some Indian States ban alcohol and
    others have partial prohibition.

61
Hindu Attitudes
  • An important factor for understanding alcohol use
    is that it has no role or place in social and
    religious life. The modern Hindu position is to
    urge the moderate use of alcohol but to prefer
    abstention. According to the World Health
    Organization over 79 of the population of India
    is abstainers (2000-2001). Hindu immigrants to
    the United States follow the trend of the upper
    and middle-class in India toward moderate use or
    abstinence. There is no documentation of serious
    alcohol problems among Hindu immigrants in the
    United States.

62
East Asian Patterns of Alcohol Use
  • In East Asian populations (Chinese, Japanese,
    Vietnamese, Filipino and Korean) drinking is
    generally moderate and problems associated with
    drinking are not severe. The amount of alcohol
    consumed however varies. The WHO statistics from
    a variety of studies for populations from these
    areas are as follows

63
Flushing
  • Flushing" is a physiological reaction to the
    ingestion of alcohol found among East Asians
    characterized by a flushing of the skin,
    especially the face, ears and upper body, an
    increase in body temperature and in some cases
    nausea, headaches, dizziness, rapid heartbeat and
    feelings of anxiety. Scholars have argued that
    these physiological symptoms provide a
    significant protective factor against alcohol
    use. Others have argued that this is true mainly
    for those in whom the flushing takes place
    rapidly after alcohol is consumed and is not
    significantly protective for alcohol in those in
    which the reaction develops gradually.

64
Flushing
  • Studies of drinking by Asian women suggest that
    for women the embarrassment cause by facial
    flushing is as much, or more, protective than the
    physical symptoms. Finally, it should be noted
    that the factor may be more protective in some
    cultures and not others. The flushing reaction
    is found among certain American Indian groups,
    but does not appear to provide a protective
    factor in the face of strong cultural forces in
    societies that sanction or encourage heavy
    alcohol use

65
Alcohol and East Asian Cultures
  • One of the key cultural explanations for low
    alcohol use by certain East Asian groups
    particularly among Chinese, Japanese and Korean
    is the influence of Confucian and Taoist
    philosophies on their drinking patterns. These
    philosophies stress strong family unity,
    hierarchical social control and social harmony
    and conformity that serve to moderate drinking
    patterns. Several studies note the emphasis on
    ones obligation and responsibility to others and
    notions of familial honor reinforce the idea of
    moderation and create sanctions against heavy
    drinking

66
Japanese Culture
  • Japanese culture, which shares both a Buddhist
    and Confucian heritage with China, focuses on
    collective achievement, the interdependence of
    individuals in the workplace and society and
    restraint and responsible public behavior. It is
    also characterized by moderate drinking patterns
    despite the widespread use of alcohol. Given the
    ethos of these societies, much of the drinking
    takes place in specific social situations.
    Drinking patterns are learned in a family or
    other traditional settings.

67
Japanese Culture
  • For the Japanese, sharing drinking and getting
    drunk without overstepping societal norms is an
    important aspect of appropriate drinking
    behavior. On the other hand, a person who
    becomes violent or obnoxious due to drunkenness
    is reviled by the Japanese and is labeled a
    shoran (pathological drinker).
  • It is suggested in the literature that acceptable
    drinking and drunkenness patterns are part of
    societal norms in Japan

68
Christian Influences
  • It is worth noting in passing that those Asian
    cultures (Korean, Vietnamese, Filipino) which
    show higher rates of alcohol use with the
    exception of Japan have populations with
    significant numbers of Christians, with those in
    the Philippines and Vietnam being largely
    Catholic. This may mitigate to some degree older
    cultural influences.

69
Buddhism and Alcohol use
  • Buddhism developed in the Indian subcontinent as
    an offshoot of early Hinduism in the 6th century
    BCE. It spread widely into Southeast Asia
    (Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam),
    China, Tibet, Korea and Japan. It has influence
    in all of these areas, but the strongest
    influence is in Southeast Asia where it
    predominates and has little competition from
    Confucianism, Taoism and Shinto. Alcohol
    consumption is considered inconsistent with the
    Buddhist quest for understanding through
    meditation, the development of the mind and the
    need to let go of attachments and appetites. One
    of the five precepts of Buddhism is to refrain
    from intoxicants.

70
Buddhism and Alcohol
  • Even in overwhelmingly Buddhist countries, the
    strict adherence to the stricture to refrain from
    the use of intoxicants is practiced only by a
    minority, mostly monks. In practice, many
    Buddhists believe that the use of alcohol is
    acceptable if used in moderation. This is
    justified by evoking Buddhas preaching of the
    middle way philosophy. Nevertheless, the
    adherence to Buddhism must be regarded as a
    protective factor.

71
Judaism and Alcohol
  • As a religion Judaism has no proscription against
    alcohol use, in fact, Jewish religious ritual
    incorporates the drinking of wine and blesses it.
    Like all major religions, Judaism disapproves
    strongly of drunkenness and the abuse of alcohol.
  • Most of the Jews in the Macomb area are from
    Central and East Central Europe (Ashkenazi) with
    a small number being of Middle Eastern and
    Mediterranean origin (Sephardic). The drinking
    culture of Jews is, however, more like the
    non-temperance drinking cultures of Southern
    Europe than that of Northern and Eastern Europe.

72
Judaism and Alcohol
  • Jewish society contains very few abstainers and
    Jews as a group consume amounts of alcohol per
    capita that is comparable to the high consumption
    levels found among Italians. Yet, like Italians,
    they show low percentages of alcohol problems.
    Jews who move away from their religion and
    culture, however, take on the general norms
    associated with alcohol use in the society which
    they are living.

73
Judaism-Protective Factors
  • Glassner and Berg summarized the protective
    factors in Jewish culture
  • The protective social processes are as follows
    (1) association of alcohol abuse with non-Jews
    (2) integration of moderate drinking norms,
    practices and symbolism for oneself and
    significant others during childhood by means of
    religious and secular ritual (3) continual
    reiteration of moderate drinking through
    restriction of most primary relationships to
    other moderate drinkers and (4) a repertoire of
    techniques to avoid drinking more than one wants
    to drink amid social pressure.

74
Summary-Moderate Drinking Cultures
  • Alcohol consumption is accepted and is governed
    by social custom, so that people learn
    constructive norms for drinking behavior.
  • The existence of good and bad styles of drinking,
    and the differences between them, are explicitly
    taught.
  • Alcohol is not seen as obviating personal
    control skills for consuming alcohol responsibly
    are taught, and drunken misbehavior is
    disapproved and sanctioned

75
Summary-Immoderate Drinking Cultures
  • Drinking is not governed by agreed upon social
    standards, so that drinkers are on their own or
    must rely on the peer group for norms.
  • Drinking is disapproved and abstinence is
    encouraged, leaving those who do drink without a
    model of social drinking to imitate they thus
    have a proclivity to drink excessively.
  • Alcohol is seen as overpowering the individuals
    capacity for self-management, so that drinking is
    in itself an excuse for excess.

76
Protective Factor-Non-Temperance Societies
  • Another researcher has noted as a protective
    factor in moderate or non-temperance drinking
    cultures the idea that drinking is divorced from
    an individuals effort to escape personal anxiety
    or difficult or intolerable social situations.
    He adds that in these cultures the concept of
    restraint indicates that drinking is only one of
    many activities and it carries a relatively low
    level of emotionalism . . . .

77
Alcohol Use and Abuse in Key European Immigrant
Sending Areas
  • The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that
    Ireland and Poland have low rates of abstention
    showing 22 and 19 abstainers respectively among
    the adult population. WHO also reports a 12.2
    rate of alcohol dependence among Poles (23.3
    male and 4.1 female) in a 1999 study. This is
    the highest reported percentage for any nation in
    this study.

78
Poland and Ireland
  • There are no comparable data for Ireland on this
    issue. On the matter of binge drinking among
    youth, Poland and Ireland show the highest
    percentages of the 27 nations who report data on
    this question. The 1999 studies credit Ireland
    with 31 of youth 15-16 engaged in binge drinking
    with males and females both reporting 31.
    Polish figures are 31 overall and 41 for males
    and 14 for females for 15-16 year olds.
  • These are two of the largest Catholic ethnic
    groups in the Macomb County service area and
    studies show strong persistence of these patterns
    in immigration

79
English Protestants
  • The English Protestant group is more like the
    Irish Catholic group than it is like any of the
    other ethnic groups. A notable change in drinking
    behavior occurred among English Protestants
    between the grandparental and parental
    generations. Perhaps this is the result of the
    movement from rural into urban areas. A similar
    change occurred in the adolescent generation, so
    that English Protestants, once a relatively
    moderate drinking group seem to drink almost as
    much as the Irish in the parental generation and
    in the adolescent generation they drink even
    more.

80
English Protestants
  • Growth in consumption by the English group
    extends very clearly to the women. English women
    consumed more alcohol than the women in any other
    European American ethnic group. Interestingly
    enough, although English men show high rates of
    problems with alcohol, English women showed among
    the lowest. In other ways, however, including the
    high rate of abstainers, the English group
    follows the Protestant.

81
Drinking Patterns Among Hispanics
  • Abstention and Heavy Drinking
  • Women 46 of Cuban, 44 Puerto Rican and 43 of
    Mexican women report abstention from alcohol.
    Frequent heavy drinking was reported among 3 of
    Mexican American women and less than 1 of Cuban
    and Puerto Rican women according to a 1994 study.
    Another study in 1997 that targeted all Hispanic
    women reported that abstinence from alcohol had
    risen from 47 in 1984 to 57 in 1995.

82
Drinking Patterns Among Hispanics
  • Men 28 of Mexican men and 22 Cuban men report
    abstaining from alcohol. No figures were
    available for Puerto Ricans. Frequent heavy
    drinking is reported by 17 of Mexican males and
    5 among Cubans.
  • One study reports that in addition to drinking
    less than men drink in their respective ethnic
    groups, Mexican, Puerto Rican and Cuban women
    hold less permissive attitudes toward womens
    drinking than they do to mens drinking

83
Drinking Patterns Among Hispanics
  • Hispanic Americans of Central America, South
    America or Caribbean ancestry consume less
    alcohol than Mexican Americans in particular.
    Studies of Dominican immigrants show low
    consumption of alcohol dependence.
  • Among Mexicans, those of Indian ancestry reported
    higher rates of lifetime alcohol abuse and/or
    dependence than do non-Indian Mexicans.
  • Among Hispanic men, the unemployed showed higher
    incidence of alcohol related problems than those
    who were employed. Lower income also correlated
    positively with alcohol problems

84
African Americans
  • Much of the earlier literature on
    African-American drinking patterns has focused on
    the problems associated with heavy drinking. Few
    of these studies have examined patterns of
    abstinence or light to moderate drinking. Heavy
    drinking was seen as a response to racism and
    social disorganization, or conversely, cultural
    attitudes that were more permissive and liberal
    than Whites. In addition, researchers have
    pointed to the negative consequences of
    advertising which have targeted African-American
    consumers with encouragement to consume alcohol,
    especially high potency alcoholic drinks.
  • Research in the last two decades has developed a
    richer and complex picture based on historical
    research and empirical data

85
African-Americans
  • Other research has shown that in many respects
    African-American drinking patterns vary
    considerably from those of the general population
    and have displayed marked changes in recent years
    in comparison to Whites.

86
African-Americans
  • One of the factors that have been identified as
    of major significance in changing
    African-American drinking patterns has been the
    mass migration from the rural south to the north.
    It resulted in increased alcohol consumption
    over several generations. In this the
    African-American migration seems to have had an
    effect similar to the one that increased alcohol
    use and dependency among Americans of
    Anglo/German ancestry and Eastern and Southern
    European immigrants who moved from rural United
    States or rural Europe to American cities at the
    end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th
    centuries

87
African-Americans
  • In 1984 study rates of heavy drinking among
    African-American males were highest in their 40s
    and 50s while rates for Whites were highest
    among men in their twenties. In their 50s the
    rates diverge so that Whites show rates of heavy
    drinking that are significantly higher than
    African-Americans. The White rate is 16 while
    the African-American rate is 3.

88
African Americans
  • Abstention African-American men show abstention
    rates of 36 compared to a White rate of 26.
    African-American women have abstention rates of
    55 versus 39 for White women. Other studies
    have put abstention from alcohol in the range of
    45-60 for African-American women with 34-36
    listing themselves as infrequent drinkers.
    Only 2-8 are heavy drinkers

89
African Americans
  • Abstention African-American men show abstention
    rates of 36 compared to a White rate of 26.
    African-American women have abstention rates of
    55 versus 39 for White women. Other studies
    have put abstention from alcohol in the range of
    45-60 for African-American women with 34-36
    listing themselves as infrequent drinkers.
    Only 2-8 are heavy drinkers

90
African Americans
  • Most African-Americans are members of Protestant
    Evangelical and Pentecostal churches, in
    particular Southern Baptist, which are strongly
    opposed to the use of alcohol. Church
    affiliation is thus considered a protective
    factor for African-Americans especially for
    African-American women who are more frequent
    churchgoers than African-American men are. It is
    also a protective for African-American men who
    participate regularly in church activities.

91
African Americans
  • In general, it can be said that African-Americans
    consume less alcohol and are less likely to
    develop alcohol dependency than Whites or
    Hispanics. African-Americans (and Hispanics)
    are more likely, however, to continue dependence
    once it is initiated than Whites are.

92
African Americans
  • African-American youth had the lowest rate of
    drinking and the lowest rate of heavy drinking
    and alcohol dependence problems.
  • African-Americans whose origin is in English
    speaking areas of the Caribbean have even lower
    rates of alcohol use, heavy drinking and
    dependency than do African-Americans.

93
African Americans
  • One interesting finding is that being widowed
    among African-American men was strongly
    associated with a lower risk for alcohol related
    problems in comparison to married men. In
    contrast, being separated, widowed, divorced or
    never married was a higher risk factor for both
    men and women among Whites than those who were
    never married. We have found no specific data on
    the impact of separation or divorce on
    African-Americans

94
African Americans
  • Among African-American youth, according to
    several recent studies, a strong and positive
    identification with African American life and
    culture has been shown to be a protective factor

95
African Americans
  • African Americans currently have higher rates of
    alcohol related medical problems and mortality
    rates than White despite their higher abstinence
    rates. The rates are three times as high in some
    cases.

96
American Indians
  • There is a remarkable heterogeneity of the
    American Indian group which comprises more than
    500 different tribes using more than 200 distinct
    languages. The use of alcohol varies widely
    among these groups. Some Indian tribes show very
    high rates of abstention, while others show
    patterns of heavy consumption and alcohol
    dependency. There are even considerable
    differences among those in the heavy
    consumption/dependency category. For example,
    the Navaho have low rates of cirrhosis and fetal
    alcohol syndrome (1.3 per 100,000) as a result of
    a pattern of recreational binge drinking, whereas
    Plains tribes such as the Lakota/Dakota people
    show high rates of cirrhosis and fetal alcohol
    syndrome (10.6 per 100,000) as a result of heavy
    daily drinking

97
American Indians
  • Another example of differences can be observed
    among three peoples who live near each other
    Navaho, Hopi and Apache. The Apache allow sale
    of alcohol on their reservation and show patterns
    of consumption that is more moderate and have
    much lower dependency problems than their
    neighbors. The Navaho on the other hand do not
    permit the sale of alcohol on the reservation,
    but do use it, primarily in binge drinking
    episodes. This heavy binge drinking appears to
    be accepted and the families are supportive. The
    Hopi, on the other hand, strongly disapprove of
    all alcohol use and drinkers are forced out and
    ostracized into drinkers ghettos on the
    reservation.

98
American Indians
  • A Major longitudinal studies drinking patterns
    of adult American Indians done concludes,
    American Indians and Alaskan natives report less
    current drinking and about the same level of
    binge drinking as white non-Hispanics by age and
    sex. American Indians and Alaskan native men
    report lower levels of chronic drinking than
    White men at older age levels. Other recent
    studies show that levels of drinking by American
    Indian males are sharply reduced in middle-age as
    men mature and take on family responsibilities.

99
American Indians
  • To explain heavy use and dependency by a
    significant portion of the Indian group that
    engages in problem drinking, scholars have
    pointed to several causes.
  • Societal factors including poverty, unemployment,
    discrimination and lack of integration into
    traditional or western culture.
  • Coping with negative emotions i.e. anxiety,
    frustration, despair, powerlessness.
  • Special Indian cultural responses (desire to
    reach a desired state of altered consciousness

100
American Indians
  • Clearly, the explanation is complex and not
    mono-causal. There is no single factor that can
    explain this still poorly studied phenomenon.
    Research has, however, shown that high
    integration into either traditional tribal
    society or full acculturation into western
    culture appear to be protective factors. Being
    deracinated and caught between cultures is
    clearly a risk factor.

101
American Indians
  • The hypothesis that in the part sought to explain
    heavy drinking patterns of American Indians as a
    biological predisposition has been recently
    discarded as unproven. No studies have been able
    to demonstrate the validity of this thesis and
    current studies have shown that Indians do not
    appear to have overall greater physiological or
    psychological predisposition to alcohol use than
    other ethnic groups.

102
Drinking and Religion Correlations
  • The studies show that, in general, college
    students who believed religion was important to
    them had much lower levels of alcohol use (66.3)
    than those who claimed religion was not important
    (89.5) Similar findings were reported for high
    school seniors. In both cases, the respondents
    lack of religious orientation was one of the most
    powerful predictors for at risk behaviors,
    including binge drinking.

103
Drinking and Religion Correlations
  • A key study has Catholics with 90.1 drinkers,
    followed by Protestants from groups that did not
    prohibit drinking at 86.2, in third place were
    Jews (85.2) and finally Protestants who were
    prohibited from drinking by their faith at 60.3.
    Catholic males had the highest rates in all
    studies of binge drinking.

104
Drinking and Religion Correlations
  • In a look at those whose commitment to their
    faith was intrinsic (internalized and deeply
    held) versus those whose commitment was extrinsic
    (superficial and lightly held) all studies showed
    a much lower use of alcohol and less problems
    with alcohol by those who had an intrinsic faith.
    The one exception was Catholic males who showed
    little difference between those whose religion
    was extrinsic as opposed to those who held their
    faith intrinsically.

105
Drinking and Religion Correlations
  • This may suggest a failure to make a connection
    by college aged Catholic males between alcohol
    use and religious faith. Conversely, it may
    represent the overriding of religious belief and
    culture by ethnic cultures which are intimately
    bound up with Catholicism. College aged Catholic
    males of Irish or Polish ethnicity are likely to
    be among those in this position.

106
Drinking and Religion Correlations
  • These studies clearly indicate that, in general,
    religious orientation and in particular a strong
    intrinsic commitment is a key protective factor
    vis-à-vis alcohol for college students of all
    religious faith and both genders with the
    possible exception of Catholic males.
  • It is also worth noting that African American
    college students, most of whom have affiliation
    with Protestant faiths which oppose the use of
    alcohol, have far lower rates of alcohol use and
    problem drinking than White students have.

107
Ethnicity and Drunk Driving
  • Several studies have looked at the prevalence of
    drunk driving for different ethnic and racial
    groups. These studies use the standard census
    racial and ethnic categories. A 1995 national
    probability study demonstrated that Hispanics and
    Whites engaged in high risk driving after
    drinking enough to be in trouble if stopped by
    the police in the twelve months prior to the
    survey in the following percentages White 22,
    Hispanic 21. In contrast only 14 of
    African-Americans exhibited similar behavior.

108
Ethnicity and Drunk Driving
  • Second generation Hispanic men (i.e. born in the
    United States of immigrant parents) were three
    times more likely to drink and drive than those
    who were immigrants born outside of the U.S.
    Hispanic men also had higher rates of ever having
    been arrested for driving while under the
    influence of alcohol (19) compared to White
    (13) and African-American (11) males.

109
Ethnicity and Drunk Driving
  • The rates of alcohol-related fatal crashes also
    vary among ethnic and racial groups. Between
    1990 and 1994, Whites (44) and African-Americans
    (45.2) had similar rates of alcohol involvement
    in motor vehicle fatalities. Among Hispanics,
    the proportion of those involved in alcohol
    related motor vehicle fatalities was 54.6 for
    Mexican Americans and 36.6 for Cuban Americans.

110
Ethnicity and Drunk Driving
  • Asian Americans as a group were the lowest with
    28.2 while American Indians have the highest
    rate at 68.1. It is necessary to note that a
    major contributing factor to the high American
    Indian fatality rate was the distance to medical
    facilities and the quality of emergency care
    available at those facilities.

111
Ethnicity and Drunk Driving
  • A more recent survey of the literature suggests
    that collision rates and injuries in cases in
    which alcohol is a factor are higher for
    Latinos/as, African Americans and Native
    Americans than among Whites or Asians. The
    authors cite higher rates of impaired driving and
    lack of safety belt compliances as key factors
    for collision injury. They also note higher
    rates of pedestrian injury among communities of
    color as a result of impaired driving.

112
Ethnicity and Drunk Driving
  • The disparities between rates for these groups
    are in part correlated with lower socio-economic
    status and education and for those who are
    foreign born the effect of language and cultural
    barriers, insufficient knowledge of relevant laws
    and a lower familiarity with driving behavior and
    customs in the United States.

113
Ethnicity and Drunk Driving
  • The effect of these factors is thus diminished
    significantly by rise in socio-economic status
    and education and longer term residency in the
    U.S. for foreign born. It is worth underlining
    that the same factors which enhance risk for
    impaired driving among immigrants from groups in
    protected classes also operate as risk factors
    for immigrants in White groups, including lack
    of safety belt compliance.

114
Ethnicity and Drunk Driving
  • The National Highway Traffic Safety
    Administration has documented, in a series of
    longitudinal studies, that overall for the
    general population the number of fatalities due
    to impaired driving has declined by 38 between
    the years 1987 2007. Among teenage drivers the
    percentage has declined by 67 since tracking
    began in 1982 (1982 4,212 deaths vs. 2007
    1,393). The decline since 2000 has been almost
    20.

115
Ethnicity and Drunk Driving
  • Among African Americans, however, the decline in
    fatalities has been less steep falling by 16
    between 1987 and 2001 with 1,710 deaths in 1987
    and 1,438 deaths in 2007. The number of
    fatalities in African American teen driving
    crashes in which alcohol use was a factor has
    declined 25 since 1987 from 141 fatalities to
    106 fatalities in 2007.

116
Ethnicity and Drunk Driving
  • The number of Hispanics killed in auto accidents
    in which alcohol was a factor, on the other hand,
    has risen from 3,913 in 1993 to 5,405 in 2006.
    Among Hispanic teens (ages 16 20) the number of
    fatalities in which alcohol was a factor has
    risen from 897 in 1990 to 998 in 2006.

117
Ethnicity and Drunk Driving
  • It should be noted that the National Highway
    Traffic Safety Administration statistics do not
    control for size of the population. Thus, the
    national decline as well as that for African
    Americans is considerable larger per capita than
    the figures by themselves would indicate and the
    Hispanic figures for teens probable do not
    indicate a significant rise and may, in fact, be
    a per capita decline. The figures for the
    general Hispanic population probably indicate a
    rise albeit not as large per capita as an initial
    impression that the figures convey. Because of
    widely varying estimates of the number of
    undocumented Hispanic residents, it is difficult
    to speak with further certainty on this issue.
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com